Daily Current Affairs

Daily Current Affairs 21-April-2025

Posted on April 21, 2025April 21, 2025 by admin

CLIMATE EVENTS AND INDIA’S ECONOMIC OUTLOOK

TOPIC: (GS3) ECONOMY: INDIAN EXPRESS

India recently faced high food inflation and poor crop yields due to the prolonged El Niño event (2023–24). With the emergence of La Niña-like conditions in 2024, there are signs of recovery in agriculture and inflation control.

El Niño Caused Weather Disruptions

The El Niño from 2023 to early 2024 was unusually strong and lasted longer than usual.
Sea surface temperatures near the Pacific coast of South America rose about 2°C above normal, far exceeding the 0.5°C El Niño threshold.
This warming changed global weather, including India’s rainfall and temperature cycles.

Monsoon Failure and Crop Loss

India saw weaker monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter rains during this El Niño period.
Delayed winters and early heatwaves (March 2024) harmed both kharif and rabi crops.
Poor rainfall and heat stress caused low agricultural output, especially in major food crops.

Rising Food Prices and Lower Demand

Food inflation stayed above 8.5% from July 2023 to December 2024 — one of the longest high-inflation periods in recent years.
Families spent more on essentials, cutting down on non-essential spending.
FMCG sector growth slowed, reflecting reduced rural and urban consumption.

La Niña Brings Relief

By early 2024, Pacific Ocean temperatures began to cool, pointing towards mild La Niña conditions.
This led to improved rains, helping the 2024 rabi harvest and easing food inflation to 2.7% in March 2025 — the lowest in years.

Wheat Output Recovers

Wheat stock levels had dropped to a 16-year low before 2024.
Favourable weather and better seeds led to a bumper wheat harvest, especially in central India.
This helped stabilize market supply and strengthen food security.

Hopeful Outlook for 2025 Monsoon

The IMD forecast suggests a 105% above-normal monsoon for June–September 2025.
With ENSO-neutral conditions, stable global oil prices, and a weaker dollar, India may see improved terms of trade, aiding growth.

Conclusion:

India’s economy faced stress due to El Niño’s extreme weather, but improving climate trends, strong farming responses, and supportive global factors now offer a chance for recovery in inflation and growth.

WORK IN THE MACHINE AGE – INDIA’S YOUTH AND THE FUTURE OF EMPLOYMENT

TOPIC: (GS3) ECONOMY: INDIAN EXPRESS

India is facing a major employment challenge driven by youth joblessness and fast-paced technological change. As AI and automation spread, the nature of work is transforming across all sectors.

Visible Job Crisis: Focus on Youth Unemployment

India is currently dealing with a serious employment crisis, especially among the younger population.
Over 80% of unemployed people are youth, most with secondary or higher education.
Shockingly, one in three young people is neither working nor studying.
India needs to create around 90 million new jobs by 2030, many of which don’t yet exist.

Invisible Crisis: Changing Nature of Work

Beyond job numbers, a deeper issue is emerging — how technology is reshaping work itself.
Automation, AI, and data systems are replacing jobs in both low-skill and high-skill professions.
Unlike past industrial shifts, this wave affects everyone — from factory workers to analysts and designers.

Tech Disruption: Impacting All Levels

Tools like Generative AI now impact not just manual tasks but also roles needing creativity and analysis.
This creates a situation where no job is fully safe, forcing people to constantly adapt and upskill.

Importance of Basic Tech and Data Skills

Technology literacy is key to understanding and using digital tools.
Data literacy helps individuals make decisions using data insights.
These skills are the base of “AI literacy”, which is essential for future careers.
They must be taught from school to higher education across all subjects.

Joseph Aoun’s Humanics Framework for Future Learning

Tech Skills – Knowing how to use and work with machines.
Data Skills – Using data to think critically and solve problems.
Human Skills – Creativity, empathy, and ethical reasoning that machines can’t replicate.

Role of Micro-Credentials in Lifelong Learning

Micro-credentials are short, specific courses that help workers quickly gain new skills.
Many global universities are adding them to regular courses — in STEM, business, and humanities.
India must shift from degree-only models to flexible learning pathways.

Reimagining India’s Education System

India should build an education system that promotes adaptability, innovation, and inclusion.
Actions needed:

Embed tech and data skills early in education.
Train teachers to support future-ready learning.
Support modular, skill-based credentials.
Encourage interdisciplinary learning and critical thinking.

Conclusion

India’s twin employment challenges — lack of jobs and the evolving nature of work — demand a complete rethink of education and skilling. By building tech-savvy, creative, and lifelong learners, India can prepare its youth for a future filled with uncertainty and opportunity.

TACKLE HEATWAVES WITH SHORT- AND LONG-TERM MEASURES

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT: THE HINDU

India saw its first major heatwave of 2025 on March 15 — 20 days earlier than in 2024 — underlining the urgent need for strong heatwave response plans and long-term climate adaptation. These extreme heat conditions pose serious risks to human health, economic productivity, and expose deep social inequalities.

Health and Environmental Impact:

When the air temperature nears 37°C, the body cannot cool down effectively, causing heat stress.
Heat stress may lead to kidney failure, liver damage, brain injury, or even death.
Example: In Telangana (2023), several people were hospitalised due to heatstroke during extreme temperatures above 45°C.
Humidity and low wind speed worsen the situation.

Socio-Economic Challenges:

Farmers cannot work during high heat, causing crop losses and low productivity.

Example: Punjab and Haryana saw reduced wheat yields in 2022 due to extreme heat.

Livestock deaths impact the rural economy.
About 75% of India’s workforce works in heat-exposed sectors like construction and farming.
In 2023, India lost nearly 6% of work hours due to heat stress.

Inequity and Vulnerable Groups:

Poor people, slum dwellers, migrants, elderly, and women are more vulnerable.
Women working in kitchens or with cultural clothing norms face greater heat exposure.
Example: In Delhi’s urban slums, households face more heat indoors than outdoors due to poor ventilation.

Gaps in Heat Action Plans (HAPs):

India’s first HAP was launched in Ahmedabad (2013).
Over 140 cities have HAPs, but most lack proper implementation and coordination.
Plans must include humidity, night temperatures, and local heat data.
Example: The UK’s Heat Health Alert system factors in both day and night temperature for better prediction.

Long-Term and Practical Measures:

Promote cool roofs like white paint on rooftops to reflect heat. Example: Telangana launched a Cool Roof Policy in 2023.
Develop green parks, tree planting, and better building materials.
Provide drinking water points, ORS sachets, and encourage staggered work hours.

Example: Odisha advised construction sites to work only in early morning and late evening during heat alerts.

Conclusion:

With heatwaves rising yearly, India must adopt both emergency and long-term measures that are people-centric, location-specific, and equity-focused to reduce health risks and economic losses.

CALLING OUT AMERICAN TRADE ILLEGALITY

TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE HINDU

The U.S. recently announced tariffs that go against World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. While many countries have openly opposed this, India has chosen not to speak out, likely due to ongoing trade talks with the U.S. This raises concerns about India’s commitment to a rule-based global trade system.

Global Reaction to U.S. Tariffs

Criticism from Major Countries:

Singapore called the tariffs a rejection of the Most-Favoured Nation (MFN) principle.
Brazil and China said the U.S. violated its WTO obligations.
China also imposed counter-tariffs and initiated a WTO dispute.
Japan and Canada challenged the U.S. legally and through counter-measures.

Mild Opposition:

Countries like Fiji and Italy called the tariffs “unfair” and a “mistake.”

Complete Silence:

Some nations, including India, have neither criticized nor challenged the U.S. move.

Why India Remains Silent

Ongoing Bilateral Trade Talks:

India is negotiating a trade agreement with the U.S.
Fear of harming talks may explain the silence, though this argument is weak.
The U.S. continues to criticize India’s tariffs even while negotiating.

WTO Dispute Body Dysfunction:

Since the WTO’s dispute resolution system is not working properly, some argue there’s no point in filing a case.
However, countries like Canada and China still filed cases to highlight the illegality, even without expecting immediate results.

Need for India to Speak Up

Leadership Role for Global South:

- India often supports multilateralism and WTO rules.
- By not joining the 40-member statement supporting WTO rules, India missed a chance to lead.

Moral and Strategic Duty:

- Speaking up shows commitment to fair trade.
- Silent diplomacy weakens India’s position as a global rule-based trade advocate.

Conclusion

India must balance its national interests with global leadership. Publicly supporting trade rules is crucial, especially when powerful nations violate them.

MURSHIDABAD VIOLENCE AND NCW’S RESPONSE

TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE HINDU

Communal violence broke out in Murshidabad, West Bengal, leaving several dead. The National Commission for Women (NCW) reported that women were the most affected and urged the State to restore peace and support the victims.

Background of the Violence

Communal clashes occurred in Dhulian and Samserganj on April 11–12.
The unrest reportedly started over the Waqf (Amendment) Act and soon turned into religious violence.
Three people were killed, including a father-son duo, and 289 arrests have been made so far.

Women: Worst Affected

NCW Chairperson Vijaya Rahatkar visited the affected areas and said women lost homes, security, and peace.
Many women were forced to flee, including one who gave birth just days earlier.
The NCW is preparing a detailed report on the issue.

Political and Administrative Response

West Bengal Governor and NHRC also visited the affected families.
Trinamool Congress leaders visited victims, but their late response was criticised.
The family of the deceased rejected compensation announced by CM Mamata Banerjee.

National Commission for Women (NCW)

Established: 1992 under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990.

Status: Statutory body, not a constitutional body.
Mandate: To protect and promote the rights of women and advise the government on related policy matters.

Conclusion

The Murshidabad violence highlights rising communal tensions and the urgent need for gender-sensitive relief efforts. The NCW’s role underscores the importance of protecting women during conflicts and ensuring accountability.

ARTICLE 142 OF THE CONSTITUTION – POWER AND CONCERNS

TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU

The Vice-President recently referred to Article 142 as a “nuclear missile against democratic forces,” following its use in a case involving the Tamil Nadu Governor, raising debates on judicial overreach.

What is Article 142?

Article 142(1) empowers the Supreme Court to pass any order necessary to do “complete justice” in any case before it.
This is an extraordinary power that goes beyond regular laws and procedures.

Purpose and Vision

Meant to ensure fair outcomes even when laws or procedures fall short.
The provision was introduced by the Constitution’s framers, especially Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, with the idea of making justice more meaningful.
It allows the Court to fill legal gaps, interpret laws, or even override them for the sake of justice.

Importance and Impact

Used in public interest cases, human rights issues, and situations of democratic failure.
Helps the Court act when the executive or legislature fails to act.
Often applied in cases involving minority rights, equality, and environmental protection.
Has helped the judiciary innovate by laying down guidelines in areas like police reforms or environment conservation.

Concerns and Criticism

The term “complete justice” is undefined, leading to subjective interpretations.
Critics argue it gives the Court unchecked power, possibly violating the separation of powers principle.
There’s a fear that such wide discretion may lead to inconsistent decisions and judicial overreach.

Conclusion

Article 142 remains a powerful tool for justice delivery but must be used with caution. While it empowers the judiciary to act in extraordinary situations, its use should always respect the balance between the three branches of government.

ENSURING A FAIR FEDERAL BALANCE

TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU

India’s federal structure, as defined in the Constitution, is being increasingly challenged due to growing interference by the Union government in State matters. The Tamil Nadu government is taking proactive steps to protect States’ rights and revive true cooperative federalism.

Need for a Federal Review

The Dravidian movement has always emphasized decentralization for balanced development.
Tamil Nadu has now formed a 3-member panel to assess constitutional and policy provisions on Centre-State power sharing.
The goal is to push back against growing central control and safeguard State autonomy.

Constitutional Framework

India is described as a “Union of States” in the Constitution’s preamble.
Powers are divided among the Union, State, and Concurrent Lists in the Seventh Schedule.
Despite this, many State List subjects are being increasingly handled by the Union government.

Central Overreach and Issues

The Union government, led by the BJP, is accused of:

Curtailing State powers by enacting laws on State subjects.
Misusing the offices of the Governor and the President to delay or block State legislation.

Examples include:

Delay in granting assent to Tamil Nadu’s NEET exemption Bill.
Withholding ₹2,500 crore in education funds due to Tamil Nadu rejecting the National Education Policy (NEP).

Conflict Over Education Policy

Tamil Nadu’s State Education Policy focuses on social equity and access.
The NEP is seen as promoting elitism and indirectly enforcing Hindi via the three-language formula.
The State has opposed these changes, resulting in funding cuts.

Delimitation Concerns

The State warns against a future delimitation exercise that could reduce representation for performing States.
Such steps may reward underperforming States and punish successful ones, affecting Southern States the most.

Tamil Nadu’s Broader Fight

The State is rallying support from like-minded States to counter the growing centralisation.
The goal is to preserve the federal spirit and India’s linguistic and cultural diversity.
Tamil Nadu believes strong States make a strong India.

Federal

Federal refers to a system of government in which power is divided between a central (national) government and regional (state) governments.
Both levels of government function independently within their areas of jurisdiction, and their powers are usually defined by a constitution.

Example: India, the United States, and Australia are examples of countries with a federal structure.

Federalism

Federalism is the principle or ideology that supports a federal system of governance.
It refers to a political system in which two or more levels of government share power and authority over the same geographical area and population.
The main aim of federalism is to balance unity and diversity, giving autonomy to different regions while maintaining national integrity.

Key Features of Federalism:

Dual government (central and state)
Division of powers by the Constitution
Written and rigid Constitution
Independent judiciary to resolve disputes

Bicameral legislature (in many federations)

Conclusion

Tamil Nadu’s move to safeguard State powers is not just a regional concern but a national call to uphold federal values. A balanced Centre-State relationship is essential for true cooperative federalism and inclusive national growth.

COLOSSAL SQUID DISCOVERY – INSIGHTS INTO A DEEP-SEA MYSTERY

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE HINDU

Scientists have, for the first time, captured video footage of a juvenile colossal squid in the deep sea. This rare observation offers valuable information about one of the ocean’s most mysterious creatures.

Myth and Reality: Kraken Origins

Ancient sailors feared a giant sea monster called the Kraken, often depicted with huge tentacles.
The myth was likely inspired by real sightings of large sea creatures like giant and colossal squids.
The legend was popularized in literature, like Tennyson’s 1830 poem “The Kraken”.

Why the Colossal Squid is Mysterious

Although huge in size, it is rarely seen alive.
Scientists mainly studied it through remains found in whale stomachs or caught by accident in fishing nets.
These squids live in the deep Southern Ocean, making them hard to observe due to their sensitive eyes and avoidance of light and noise.

Breakthrough Sighting in 2024

In April 2024, researchers filmed a juvenile colossal squid at 2,000 feet near the South Sandwich Islands.
It was the first time the species was seen alive in its natural habitat, offering clues about its early life and habits.

Physical Features and Growth

Colossal squids grow up to 23 feet long and can weigh 500 kg.
They have thicker bodies and shorter arms compared to giant squids, which are longer but lighter.
Both species grow slowly, unlike typical squid species, and may live up to a decade or more.

Importance of the Discovery

Helps understand how colossal squids grow, hunt, and reproduce.
Fills gaps between the juvenile and adult stages of this species.
Supports marine conservation efforts, especially with threats like deep-sea mining.

Conclusion:

This rare sighting is a scientific milestone that deepens our understanding of deep-sea life and highlights the need to protect these unique creatures from human threats.

Daily Current Affairs

Daily Current Affairs 19-April-2025

Posted on April 19, 2025April 19, 2025 by admin

INDIA’S BHAGAVAD GITA AND NATYASHASTRA ADDED TO UNESCO’S MEMORY OF THE WORLD REGISTER

TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY: INDIAN EXPRESS

In 2024, UNESCO added two ancient Indian manuscripts — the Bhagavad Gita and Natyashastra — to its Memory of the World (MoW) Register, recognizing their global cultural and philosophical significance. This move has been celebrated in India as a moment of pride, reflecting the country’s deep-rooted intellectual and literary legacy.

UNESCO’s Memory of the World Programme

Launched in 1992 by UNESCO to safeguard valuable documents, archives, manuscripts, and audiovisual materials.
Aims to prevent the loss of documentary heritage, often referred to as “collective amnesia.”
Promotes universal access and long-term preservation of historical records across cultures.

The Memory of the World Register

A curated list of documents of global historical importance.
Includes diverse formats: written texts, audio recordings, oral traditions, and photographs.
Updated every two years since 1997, with exceptions from 2017–2023.
As of 2024, the Register has 570 entries.

India’s Presence in the MoW Register

India has made 13 submissions, including two joint entries.
Notable entries:

Rig Veda (2005)
Abhinavagupta’s works (2023)
NAM Summit Archives (joint with Algeria, Egypt, Serbia, etc.)
Dutch East India Company archives (joint with multiple nations)

The latest entries in 2024:

Manuscripts of the Bhagavad Gita
Text of the Natyashastra

Bhagavad Gita: Spiritual and Philosophical Classic

Part of the Mahabharata, this text is a dialogue between Arjuna and Lord Krishna.
Traditionally attributed to sage Vyasa.
Contains 700 Sanskrit verses divided into 18 chapters.
Estimated to be composed between 1st century BCE and 2nd century CE.
Blends Vedic, Buddhist, Jain, and Charvaka ideas into a coherent philosophy.

Core Teachings:

Dharma (duty) and moral responsibility.
The path of selfless action (karma yoga).
Importance of devotion (bhakti) and inner realization.
Teaches detachment and performing one’s duty without selfish motives.

UNESCO’s View:

The Gita is praised as a cornerstone of India’s intellectual and ethical tradition.
Its message continues to inspire individuals worldwide.

Natyashastra: Foundation of Indian Performing Arts

Attributed to sage Bharata, the Natyashastra is a detailed treatise on drama, music, and dance.
Believed to be compiled around the 2nd century BCE.
Comprises 36,000 verses, covering:

Performance techniques (abhinaya)
Music (sangita)
Emotions (bhava)
Aesthetic theory (rasa)

Concept of Rasa:

Central to the text is the idea of rasa — the emotional essence of performance.
Enables audiences to experience art as a refined emotional and spiritual journey.
Western scholars like Wallace Dace and Susan Schwartz highlight its transformative power.

UNESCO’s Perspective:

Recognizes the Natyashastra as a major contribution to global aesthetic and performance theory.

Conclusion

The inclusion of the Bhagavad Gita and Natyashastra in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register reflects India’s lasting impact on global culture, spirituality, and the arts. These texts are not just historical treasures but continue to shape human thought and creativity even today.

Prelims Question:

Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding India’s recent entries into UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register in 2024?

The Bhagavad Gita is a philosophical dialogue found in the Rig Veda.
The Natyashastra is a foundational text on Indian performing arts attributed to sage Bharata.
UNESCO’s Memory of the World Programme aims to promote traditional art performances across the world.

Select the correct answer using the code below:

1 and 2 only
2 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3

Answer: B

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Bhagavad Gita is part of the Mahabharata, not the Rig Veda.
Statement 2 is correct: Natyashastra, attributed to Bharata, is a classical treatise on drama, dance, and music.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The UNESCO Memory of the World Programme focuses on preserving documentary heritage, not on promoting live traditional performances.

ANDHRA PRADESH APPROVES SC SUB-CATEGORISATION ORDINANCE

TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY: THE HINDU

The Andhra Pradesh government has approved a draft ordinance to implement sub-categorisation among Scheduled Castes (SCs). This move aims to introduce “reservation within reservation” to ensure fair distribution of benefits among all SC sub-castes, especially the most backward ones. It reflects a growing effort to make reservations more inclusive and just.

What is SC Sub-Categorisation?

Sub-categorisation refers to dividing the SC category into smaller groups based on levels of backwardness.
It helps in allocating reservation quotas proportionally so that benefits don’t get cornered by a few dominant communities.
This policy aims to ensure that marginalised sub-castes receive their rightful share in education, employment, and welfare schemes.

Background of the Initiative

The Supreme Court permitted sub-classification within SCs, giving states the legal backing to implement this.
In November 2024, Andhra Pradesh formed a one-man commission headed by retired IAS officer Rajeev Ranjan Mishra.
The commission held public consultations across all districts (now reorganised into 26) to gather inputs from stakeholders.
In March 2025, the commission submitted its report, which was unanimously passed in the state legislature.

Purpose of the Sub-Categorisation

To promote fair distribution of reservation benefits among all SC sub-castes.
To reduce concentration of benefits among relatively better-off groups like the Mala community.
To support poorer and underrepresented sub-castes such as the Madigas and Relli communities.
To make reservation policy more data-driven and equitable, based on social and economic indicators.

Commission’s Key Recommendations

The commission proposed dividing SCs into three categories based on their level of backwardness. A total of 59 SC sub-castes were grouped:

Group 1: Most Backward (Relli Sub-Group) – 1% Quota

Includes 12 extremely disadvantaged castes such as:

Bavuri, Chachati, Dandasi, Dom, Ghasi, Godagali, Mehtar, Pamidi, Relli, etc.

Group 2: Backward (Madiga Sub-Group) – 6.5% Quota

Comprises 18 backward castes, slightly better than Group 1:

Madiga, Mang, Arundhatiya, Chambhar, Godari, Samagara, Matangi, etc.

Group 3: Less Backward (Mala Sub-Group) – 7.5% Quota

Includes 29 castes considered relatively better-off:

Mala, Adi Andhra, Mahar, Chalavadi, Holeya, Masti, Yatala, etc.

Demands from Marginalised Groups

Communities like the Madigas have long demanded sub-categorisation, alleging that dominant groups like Malas monopolize reservation benefits.
Leaders from SC, ST, and BC categories argue that representation should be based on population and backwardness, not just blanket categories.
There is increasing support for criteria-based reservation focused on socio-economic status.

Expected Impact of the Ordinance

Will promote inclusive development within the SC category.
Helps in correcting historical injustices and improving access to opportunities.
Could serve as a model for other states considering similar reforms.

Conclusion

Andhra Pradesh’s move to implement SC sub-categorisation marks a major step towards social justice and balanced welfare delivery. By recognising the internal inequalities among SC sub-castes, the ordinance seeks to ensure that no community is left behind in the journey of progress and empowerment.

KAILASH MANSAROVAR YATRA TO RESUME IN 2025

TOPIC: (GS1) HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY: INDIAN EXPRESS

After a gap of four years, the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra is set to restart in 2025. This sacred pilgrimage, organized by India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), was suspended in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and rising tensions with China. The decision to resume the yatra signals both a spiritual renewal and an improvement in India-China diplomatic relations.

Why Was the Yatra Suspended?

The yatra was halted in 2020 due to the pandemic.
The Galwan Valley clash between Indian and Chinese troops worsened the situation, causing further delays.
Improved relations in 2024, including disengagement at border friction points like Demchok and Depsang, paved the way for resumption.
Meetings between India’s NSA Ajit Doval and Chinese officials, followed by high-level visits, helped finalize the decision.

Religious Significance

Mount Kailash (6,638 m) and Lake Mansarovar are located in Tibet and are holy for Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and followers of the Bon tradition.
Hindus believe Mount Kailash is the home of Lord Shiva.
The pilgrimage includes the parikrama (circumambulation) of Mount Kailash, considered spiritually purifying.
The trek is demanding, lasting 23–25 days, and requires good health and physical fitness.

Yatra Routes

Lipulekh Pass (Uttarakhand)

Oldest and most direct route
Involves nearly 200 km of trekking
Suitable for fit individuals
Managed by Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam

Nathu La Pass (Sikkim)

Motorable route up to the border
Only the Kailash parikrama requires walking
Easier for elderly pilgrims
Handled by Sikkim Tourism Development Corporation

Nepal Route (Private)

Operated by private tour operators
Includes charter flights from Nepalgunj
Costly and lacks public infrastructure
Offers a direct viewing (darshan) of Kailash

Eligibility and Registration

Only Indian passport holders (18–70 years) can apply.
Registration is online via the MEA portal, usually in April–May.
Pilgrims are selected through a computerized draw.
Cost per person exceeds ₹2 lakh.
Medical fitness is mandatory due to the high-altitude conditions.

Conclusion

The revival of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra is a significant religious and diplomatic milestone. It reflects India’s cultural resilience and improving ties with China. With preparations underway, the MEA will soon release official details, ensuring a safe and meaningful journey for the pilgrims.

Prelims Question

With reference to the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra set to resume in 2025, which of the following statements are correct?

The pilgrimage was suspended in 2020 due to the COVID‑19 pandemic and India‑China border tensions.
The Lipulekh Pass route is managed by the Sikkim Tourism Development Corporation.
The Nathu La Pass route is motorable up to the border, requiring walking only for the parikrama of Mount Kailash.
Only Indian passport holders aged between 18 and 70 years are eligible to register.

Select the correct answer using the code below:

1 and 3 only
1, 3 and 4 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 4 only

Answer: B

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct. The yatra was halted in 2020 on account of the COVID‑19 outbreak and subsequent military standoff at places like Galwan Valley.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The Lipulekh Pass route is managed by the Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam, not the Sikkim Tourism Development Corporation.
Statement 3 is correct. The Nathu La Pass route is fully motorable until the Tibet border; pilgrims walk only the Kailash parikrama.
Statement 4 is correct. Registration is open to Indian passport holders aged 18–70, subject to a health check and selection by computerised draw.

RESURRECTING EXTINCT SPECIES: DIRE WOLF AND DE-EXTINCTION TECHNOLOGY

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT: THE HINDU

In April 2025, Colossal Biosciences, a biotech firm based in Texas, USA, announced a breakthrough – it had brought back a dire wolf, a predator that disappeared over 12,000 years ago. This achievement was made possible through advanced biotechnological tools like gene editing and genome reconstruction. The move reignited global debates about de-extinction, a process aiming to revive species lost to history.

What is De-Extinction?

Also called resurrection biology, it is the use of science to bring back extinct species.
Scientists use genetic techniques such as:

Gene editing (e.g., CRISPR)
Cloning
Back-breeding (selective breeding of close relatives)

It works by rebuilding the DNA of extinct animals using closely related living species.

How Was the Dire Wolf Revived?

Dire wolves (Aenocyon dirus) lived in regions of North America and vanished around the end of the Ice Age.
They resembled today’s grey wolves but were bigger and had white coats.
DNA analysis showed a 99.94% match between dire wolves and grey wolves.
Scientists edited the genome of a grey wolf to match that of a dire wolf.
The altered embryos were placed into surrogate domestic dogs, resulting in live pups with dire wolf traits.

Significance of the Project

Highlights the progress in genetic science and biotechnology.
Demonstrates how gene editing can be used for more than disease treatment — even to reverse extinction.

Benefits of De-Extinction

Restoring damaged ecosystems by reintroducing important species.
Balancing ecosystems by adding lost predators or herbivores.
In projects like the woolly mammoth revival, scientists aim to:

Restore Arctic grasslands
Reduce methane release from melting permafrost
Tackle climate change

Enhances biodiversity and can make ecosystems more resilient.
Offers scientific insights into evolution, genetics, and extinct species.
Some believe it’s a moral duty to bring back species lost due to human actions.

Concerns and Challenges

Ecological risks: Revived species might not fit in today’s environment or may disturb current ecosystems.
Competition: New species could outcompete existing animals for food and space.
Environmental mismatch: Modern habitats and climates may not support species that lived thousands of years ago.
Not authentic revival: The recreated dire wolves are genetically engineered grey wolves, not exact copies of the originals.
Biological dangers:

Revived species could bring back ancient viruses or bacteria.
They may lack immunity to modern-day diseases.

May divert attention and funding from ongoing conservation of endangered species.
Raises ethical issues about altering nature and reviving animals that evolution phased out.

CDSCO BANS 35 FDC DRUGS: KEY POINTS

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE HINDU

Recently, the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) banned the manufacture, sale, and distribution of 35 Fixed-Dose Combination (FDC) drugs approved by State regulators, due to lack of prior safety and efficacy data.

What are FDCs?

FDCs are medicines that combine two or more active ingredients in fixed proportions.
Commonly used to treat tuberculosis, diabetes, pain, and nutritional deficiencies.

Advantages of FDCs

Better patient compliance
Simplified treatment management
Lower misuse and resistance risks

Regulation in India

CDSCO regulates FDCs under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules, 2019.

FDCs are treated as new drugs when combined for the first time, requiring CDSCO approval.

About CDSCO

India’s main drug regulator under the Health Ministry, headed by the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI).
Approves drugs, monitors trials, and ensures drug safety nationwide.

DISCOVERY OF ROCK ART SITES IN MIZORAM BY ASI

TOPIC: (GS1) HISTORY: INDIAN EXPRESS

The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has found four ancient rock art sites in Mizoram, dating back to the 16th to 19th centuries.

These findings highlight the rich cultural legacy and artistic traditions of the region’s early communities.

Surveyed Areas

The discoveries were made in the districts of Champhai, Khawzawl, Saitual, and Serchhip.

Key Findings

In Maite village (Champhai): Rock cliff with a large human figure, smaller humans, animals, gongs, mithun heads, and unidentified symbols.
In Lianpui (Champhai): Art includes humans, animals, fish, spears, hornbills, and rectangular carvings.
In Tualte (Khawzawl): Mithun heads, human figures, and unique grooved designs on large rock surfaces.
In Chhawrtu (Khawzawl): Complex carvings of mithun heads, human lines, circular motifs with tendrils, and fish.

About Mithun

Mithun (Bos frontalis): A semi-domesticated animal important in local tribal culture.

Vangchhia Site Significance

Near the new discoveries, Vangchhia is considered a key archaeological site.
Identified in 2016 as possibly linked to a Neolithic civilization.
Contains pictographs, menhirs, a burial site, and ancient structures.
Water harvesting techniques used natural rock formations and strategically drilled holes.
These may have been for collecting rainwater, denying enemy access to water, or used in rituals.

DAWOODI BOHRA COMMUNITY

TOPIC: (GS2) SOCIETY: INDIAN EXPRESS

A delegation from the Dawoodi Bohra community recently met Prime Minister Narendra Modi to thank him for the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025.

The community is known for its strong identity and deep-rooted faith practices.

About the Dawoodi Bohra Community

A sub-sect of the Ismaili branch of Shia Islam.
Mostly found in Western India with global presence in over 40 countries.
Followers of the Fatimi Ismaili Tayyibi school of Islamic thought.
Their spiritual head is the al-Dai al-Mutlaq; the current leader is Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin.
Community members are usually entrepreneurs, traders, and well-educated.
Speak Lisan al-Dawat, a unique language of the community.
Faith is based on peace, compassion, and devotion to Allah and the Prophet’s successors.
They accept their leader’s right to excommunicate members, which restricts access to mosques and burial grounds.

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

FGM involves the harmful cutting of female genitalia for non-medical reasons.
Practiced within the Bohra community in India.
Leads to serious health issues and violates the human rights of girls and women.
UNICEF and UNFPA work globally to eliminate FGM through awareness and social change.

REGISTRATION OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS & NPR

TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY: THE HINDU

The Registrar General of India (RGI) recently directed both government and private hospitals to report all births and deaths within 21 days.

This move strengthens India’s Civil Registration System (CRS).

Key Points

CRS is responsible for recording births, deaths, and stillbirths (death after 28 weeks of pregnancy).
Governed by the Registration of Birth and Death Act, 1969.
Falls under the Concurrent List of the Constitution.
Hospitals act as registrars; private ones must report events to the local registrar.
Section 23(2) of the RBD Act penalizes negligence in registration.
2023 amendment made digital registration mandatory via the CRS portal.
Despite progress, 10% of events remain unregistered.

National Population Register (NPR)

NPR is a database of all residents, aiding in identity management.
Linked to the National Register of Citizens (NRC).
Created in 2010, updated in 2015, covering 119 crore people.
NPR update is delayed as the Census 2021 remains postponed.

Daily Current Affairs

Daily Current Affairs 18-April-2025

Posted on April 18, 2025April 19, 2025 by admin

CHALLENGE TO WAQF ACT, 2025 – A CONSTITUTIONAL AND RELIGIOUS DEBATE

TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY: INDIAN EXPRESS

The Supreme Court of India is hearing a group of nearly 65 petitions challenging the constitutional validity of the Waqf Act, 2025.

The petitions are filed by Members of Parliament and religious leaders, raising concerns about the violation of religious rights under Article 26 of the Constitution.
The Court has postponed its interim decision and fixed the next hearing for May 5, 2025.

Key Legal and Religious Issues

Right to Manage Religious Affairs (Article 26)

Petitioners argue the law interferes with religious autonomy and the right to administer religious institutions.
Senior advocate Kapil Sibal claimed the Act disturbs essential religious practices.

Abolition of ‘Waqf by Use’

The new law ends the practice of recognizing properties as Waqf based on long-term religious use unless previously registered.
Critics say this ignores historical realities, as many Waqf lands were never formally recorded.
The Chief Justice of India (CJI) pointed out the difficulty of registering ancient properties and the confusion caused by the new provision.

Powers Given to District Collectors

The law allows a district collector to suspend the Waqf status of a property if it is identified as government land, pending a court verdict.
Petitioners say this gives executive overreach, bypassing judicial authority.
The Court took note and the Centre assured that property status won’t be altered before court review.

Inclusion of Non-Muslims in Waqf Boards

The Act permits non-Muslims to be members of Waqf boards.
Petitioners say this violates Articles 26(b), (c), and (d) related to religious group rights.
The Court questioned if this would be acceptable in Hindu religious boards, implying it breaches religious boundaries.
The government stated such appointments could be declared invalid.

Applicability of the Limitation Act

The 2025 Act applies the Limitation Act to Waqf property disputes, fixing a timeframe for reclaiming encroached land.
The 1995 Act had no such limit, allowing perpetual recovery.
The Court observed that while time limits help legal clarity, they may weaken Waqf rights.

Conclusion

The petitions raise serious questions about religious freedom, judicial independence, and minority rights. The Supreme Court’s future verdict may become a landmark ruling in deciding the balance between state power and religious autonomy in India.

RESTORING CONSTITUTIONAL BALANCE: SUPREME COURT ON GOVERNOR'S INACTION

TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY: THE HINDU

The Supreme Court of India, in a significant ruling, invoked Article 142 to address the Tamil Nadu Governor’s delay in acting on several state bills.

This case highlights how executive inaction can disrupt democratic processes and raises concerns about federalism, constitutional duty, and judicial intervention.
The Court’s ruling aims to safeguard the rule of law and restore institutional balance.

Judiciary as Guardian of the Constitution

Over time, the judiciary has played a crucial role in checking executive power and ensuring that constitutional duties are respected.
The swift challenge to the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 shows judicial alertness, while the five-year delay in dealing with the Governor’s inaction reveals an inconsistency in addressing serious constitutional issues.
This uneven approach sometimes weakens the democratic urgency of lawmaking during limited five-year government terms.

Governor’s Delay and Its Threat to Federalism

The Governor’s prolonged silence on state bills—without approval or rejection—creates a constitutional deadlock.
In a federal setup, such delays can obstruct governance, especially when the Governor and state government belong to different political parties.
If a government’s term ends before bills are cleared, they lapse, making inaction a hidden method to block legislation.
Governors enjoy immunity for official acts and are not required to provide written reasons, making such inaction hard to challenge legally.

Article 142: Ensuring Complete Justice

The Supreme Court used Article 142 to declare that the delayed state bills be treated as “deemed assented”.
Articles 200 and 201 of the Constitution do not permit a “pocket veto”, where a Governor avoids decision-making altogether.
The Court’s action allowed the Tamil Nadu government to immediately notify the laws.
Although some critics called this judicial overreach, the Court stayed within constitutional boundaries, using Article 142 where the law is silent or unclear.

Holding the Governor Accountable

The Court found that the Governor acted in bad faith, showing disregard for the judiciary and failing in his constitutional duty.
This raised an important question: Can someone who acts maliciously remain in a top constitutional post?
While there have been political demands for his resignation, no action has been taken, exposing the gap between moral and legal accountability.

Legal Option: Quo Warranto Writ

In the absence of voluntary resignation, the public or court can seek a writ of quo warranto, questioning the Governor’s legal authority to hold office.
If the Court finds misconduct, it can order removal from the post, ensuring accountability.
This aligns with the idea of “complete justice,” ensuring even high offices are not above scrutiny.

Inaction as a New Method of Subversion

A rising concern is the use of delays and silence to bypass the Constitution, rather than formally changing the law.
Since amendments can be struck down if they violate the Basic Structure Doctrine, some political actors use non-action as a safer strategy.
This form of subversion is harder to fight in court due to the lack of visible evidence.

Conclusion:

The Supreme Court rightly reminded that the Constitution is a “labyrinth, not a maze”—complex, yet designed to guide, not confuse. The judgment reinforces that democracy depends on institutions fulfilling their roles, not avoiding them. It also reaffirms that the Constitution must be read as a whole, upholding justice and preventing misuse of power.

UPSC Mains Question:

Discuss the constitutional implications of the Supreme Court’s use of Article 142 in addressing the Tamil Nadu Governor’s inaction on state bills. How does this reflect on the balance of power between the executive and judiciary? (150 WORDS)

INDIA ASSISTS STUDENTS FACING VISA ISSUES IN THE U.S.

TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE HINDU

Recently, several Indian students in the U.S. have received notices regarding visa revocations and SEVIS terminations.

The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) has now taken a proactive approach by offering support and suggesting legal remedies.

Background of the Issue

Many Indian students on F-1 (student) visas have been informed of the cancellation of their visa status by U.S. authorities.
These actions are reportedly linked to minor infractions, including traffic violations, and participation in campus protests, especially those supporting Palestine.
Affected students include those who have not been charged or convicted of any criminal offence.

India’s Response

The MEA confirmed that its embassies and consulates are in direct contact with impacted students.
Indian officials are guiding them to seek legal injunctions to halt deportation proceedings.
The MEA emphasized that the Indian government is “looking into the matter seriously” and not just leaving students to navigate the issue alone.

Decline in U.S. Student Visas

The number of F-1 visas issued to Indian students dropped by nearly 30% in February 2025, compared to the same month in 2024.
This is likely influenced by longer visa processing times and stricter scrutiny under the current U.S. administration.

SULPHUR-BASED GASES FOUND ON EXOPLANET K2-18B

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: INDIAN EXPRESS

Astronomers from the University of Cambridge detected sulphur-based gases — dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and dimethyl disulphide (DMDS) — on the exoplanet K2-18b.

These gases are mainly produced by marine microbes on Earth, raising curiosity about the potential for life beyond Earth.

Key Highlights

K2-18b is located 120 light years away and lies in the habitable zone of its star, where temperatures may allow liquid water.
The planet is nine times heavier than Earth and earlier studies also found water vapour, methane, and carbon dioxide in its atmosphere — all possible signs of life-supporting conditions.

Scientific Caution

Scientists warn that the presence of DMS does not confirm life.

These gases could also come from non-living (abiotic) sources, and assuming otherwise could mislead research.

Broader Astrobiological View

Similar gas detections on Mars and Venus have not proven life exists there.
Researchers stress the need for more evidence and careful interpretation.
With billions of planets in the universe, statistical models like the Drake Equation suggest that alien life is possible, but still unconfirmed.

V2G TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA: AN EMERGING SOLUTION FOR POWER GRID MANAGEMENT

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: INDIAN EXPRESS

The Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB), in collaboration with IIT Bombay, has initiated a pilot project to explore the potential of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology.

The project aims to assess how Electric Vehicles (EVs) can contribute to grid stability, particularly during peak demand periods when renewable energy sources, such as solar, are unavailable.

What is Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology?

V2G enables Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries to feed power back into the electricity grid.
Bi-directional charging allows EVs to serve as distributed energy storage systems, providing support to the grid when needed.

Working Mechanism of V2G

Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V): Power is drawn from the grid to charge the EV.
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G): Stored energy in the EV is returned to the grid during high-demand periods.

Applications of V2G Technology

Vehicle-to-Home (V2H): EVs can power household devices in emergencies.
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V): EVs can share energy with each other.

Role of V2G in India’s Power Sector

Demand-Side Management

Peak Load Reduction: EVs can discharge stored energy during peak demand, helping reduce pressure on power plants.
Load Balancing: Charging EVs during off-peak hours helps balance the electricity load throughout the day.

Renewable Energy Integration

Storage for Renewables: V2G can store surplus solar and wind energy, releasing it when needed, improving the reliability of renewable power.
Grid Support: EVs can provide ancillary services like frequency regulation and voltage stabilization, enhancing grid reliability.

Grid Flexibility and Resilience

Backup Power: V2G-enabled EVs can serve as emergency power sources during outages.
Decentralized Storage: EVs provide local energy storage, reducing the dependency on large centralized power plants.

Economic Benefits of V2G

Cost Savings for EV Owners: EV owners can earn money by selling excess energy back to the grid.
Improved Grid Efficiency: V2G enhances grid reliability, reducing operational costs for utilities.

Additional Advantages of V2G

Smart Charging Systems: V2G incorporates intelligent charging systems for more efficient energy management.
Environmental Impact: V2G supports clean energy initiatives, reducing carbon emissions and fostering sustainability.

Global Adoption of V2G Technology

Mature EV Markets: Countries like the United States, United Kingdom, and the Netherlands have implemented V2G technologies to improve grid efficiency and renewable energy integration.
Incentives for Participation: In places like California (USA) and the UK, EV owners are financially incentivized for supplying power to the grid during peak demand.

Current Status of V2G in India

Early Stages: V2G technology is still in the early stages of development in India. Most efforts focus on expanding EV charging infrastructure rather than integrating bi-directional charging.
Pilot Projects: Several DISCOMs are running pilot projects on smart charging and V2G integration.
Central Electricity Authority (CEA) Guidelines: A committee by CEA is working on developing guidelines for integrating V2G technology with the grid.

Challenges for V2G Adoption in India

Market and Structural Challenges

Grid Infrastructure: India’s current grid is not designed for decentralized systems like V2G, creating challenges in integration.
Renewable Energy Variability: The unpredictable nature of renewable energy generation can complicate the V2G integration process.

Regulatory Support Needed

Regulatory Reforms: India needs to introduce policy changes and regulatory support to enable large-scale V2G adoption.
Incentives for EV Owners: Financial incentives are necessary to encourage EV owners to participate in V2G schemes and contribute to grid stability.

UPSC Prelims Question:

Which of the following statements about Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology is/are correct?

V2G technology allows Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries to send power back to the electricity grid, providing support during peak demand periods.
V2G technology can be used for energy transfer between Electric Vehicles (EVs), known as Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V).
V2G technology enables the direct supply of power from the grid to home appliances without involving EV batteries.

Select the correct answer using the code below:

1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2, and 3

Answer: A

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology enables Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries to send power back to the grid, which can help support the grid during peak demand periods. This bi-directional flow of energy allows EVs to act as decentralized energy storage systems.
Statement 2 is correct: V2G technology also facilitates energy transfer between Electric Vehicles, known as Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), where EVs can share energy with each other, though this application is less common.
Statement 3 is incorrect: V2G does not directly supply power from the grid to home appliances. Instead, it involves energy flow between the grid and EVs, where EVs can return stored energy to the grid, and in some cases, supply power to homes (through Vehicle-to-Home or V2H), but this is not a direct grid-to-appliance connection.

INDIA TO HOST HEADQUARTERS OF INTERNATIONAL BIG CAT ALLIANCE (IBCA)

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: INDIAN EXPRESS

India has signed an agreement to host the headquarters and secretariat of the IBCA, confirming its leadership in global big cat conservation.

This move comes two months after IBCA became a treaty-based international organisation.

Objective and Scope of IBCA

The IBCA was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in April 2023 during the 50th anniversary of Project Tiger.
It aims to protect seven big cat species across the world — tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, puma, jaguar, and cheetah.
The alliance focuses on international cooperation, knowledge-sharing, and joint efforts to conserve these endangered animals.

Funding and Support

India will provide ₹150 crore over five years (2023–2028) for running the IBCA.
This fund will help in building infrastructure, running the secretariat, and supporting daily operations.
The agreement also includes rules for visas, privileges, and immunities for IBCA staff.

Legal Status and Membership

IBCA gained legal status after five countries — India, Liberia, Eswatini, Somalia, and Nicaragua — ratified the framework.
India became an official member in September 2023.
The Union Cabinet approved the hosting plan in February 2024, followed by funding approval in March 2024.

Significance

Hosting IBCA boosts India’s international role in wildlife conservation.
It strengthens India’s image as a key diplomatic hub for environmental cooperation and protects global biodiversity.

UPSC Prelims Question:

Which of the following statements about the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) is/are correct?

The IBCA is an international initiative aimed at conserving big cats, such as tigers, lions, and leopards.
India is the only country to be a part of the IBCA.
The main objective of the IBCA is to create a network of protected areas to enhance the population of big cats globally.
The IBCA works on strengthening transboundary conservation efforts for big cats in the member countries.

Select the correct answer using the code below:

1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 4 only
1, 3, and 4 only

Answer: C

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: The IBCA is an international initiative aimed at conserving big cats such as tigers, lions, and leopards. It focuses on the conservation of these species and their habitats.
Statement 2 is incorrect: India is not the only country involved. The IBCA is a global initiative with multiple countries involved, including those in Africa and Asia, where big cats are found.
Statement 3 is incorrect: While creating a network of protected areas is part of the larger conservation strategy, the primary goal of the IBCA is to address the protection and conservation of big cats through transboundary cooperation and strengthening the capacity of countries to protect these species.
Statement 4 is correct: The IBCA focuses on strengthening transboundary conservation efforts, ensuring that countries share responsibility for conserving big cat populations that traverse national borders.

DAL LAKE: THE JEWEL OF KASHMIR

TOPIC: (GS1) GEOGRAPHY: INDIAN EXPRESS

Dal Lake is one of India’s most famous urban lakes, located in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir.

Recently, a tourist shikara capsized due to strong winds, highlighting safety concerns amid changing weather patterns.

Key Facts

Surrounded by the Pir Panjal mountains, Dal Lake is called the “Jewel in the crown of Kashmir” and the “Lake of Flowers”.
The lake spans about 18 sq. km, with a total wetland area of 21.1 sq. km, including floating gardens called Raad.
These gardens bloom with lotus flowers in July and August.
The lake is divided into four parts: Gagribal, Lokut Dal, Bod Dal, and Nagin.
Notable islands: Rup Lank (Char Chinari) and Sona Lank.
Dal Lake is famous for houseboats, Mughal gardens, and a floating market with vendors on wooden boats called shikaras.

INDIA–UZBEKISTAN JOINT EXERCISE DUSTLIK VI

TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: INDIAN EXPRESS

The 6th edition of Exercise DUSTLIK began at Aundh, Pune, under the joint training programme of India and Uzbekistan.

This annual drill alternates between the two countries and strengthens their defence partnership.

About DUSTLIK‑VI

Location & History: Hosted in Pune (Foreign Training Node, Aundh) in April 2025; the last edition was in Termez, Uzbekistan, in April 2024.
Inception: First held in November 2019 in Uzbekistan.

Participants

India: 60 personnel from a JAT Regiment battalion and elements of the Indian Air Force.
Uzbekistan: Troops from the Uzbek Army, reflecting shared security goals.

Theme & Focus

Central Theme: “Joint Multi‑Domain Sub‑Conventional Operations in a Semi‑Urban Scenario.”
Scenario: Response to terrorist takeover of territory, requiring coordinated battalion‑level action.

Key Activities

Joint Operations Centre: Command and control coordination.
Counterterrorism Drills: Area control, raids, and search‑and‑destroy missions.
Air‑Land Integration: Use of helicopters, drones, air firepower, and counter‑UAS measures.
Special Ops: Helipad seizure, reconnaissance, special heliborne insertions, and small‑team extractions.

Daily Current Affairs

Daily Current Affairs 17-April-2025

Posted on April 17, 2025April 19, 2025 by admin

SHAPING A RESPONSE TO THE U.S.’S RECIPROCAL TARIFFS

TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: INDIAN EXPRESS

The U.S. has announced new reciprocal tariffs on imports based on trade imbalances. These measures may affect India’s exports and raise concerns over global trade fairness and protectionism.

About the New Tariffs by the U.S.

The U.S. has launched a reciprocal tariff system targeting countries with which it has large trade deficits.
These are dual-layered tariffs—an existing base import duty and an extra country-specific tariff.
The new tariffs are temporarily limited to 10% and are paused for 90 days, except for one major trading country.

Exemptions from the New Tariffs

Some sectors are excluded from the additional duties, including:

Steel and aluminum
Automobiles and components
Copper, pharmaceuticals, and semiconductors
Lumber and energy-related items
Strategic minerals not found in the U.S.

These exemptions are meant to avoid harm to U.S. industries that rely on these imports.

Impact on Indian Exports

India’s exports to the U.S. have slowed down in recent years.
A 26% tariff will affect various Indian products, such as:

Electrical machinery
Mechanical appliances
Made-up textiles

However, some sectors like pharmaceuticals are exempt, and items like gems and jewellery may not face a major drop in demand due to their stable market.
Countries like Vietnam, Bangladesh, Cambodia, and China are also targeted, so India may remain relatively competitive.

India’s Strategic Response

Since India imports key goods like petroleum from the U.S., retaliating with high tariffs might hurt its own economy.
A balanced approach could involve increasing imports from the U.S. (e.g., oil), which would lower India’s reciprocal tariff rate to about 11.8%—closer to the minimum threshold of 10%.
This would adjust import patterns without widening the current account deficit.

Global Trade Concerns and WTO’s Role

Such aggressive tariffs risk escalating trade tensions and harming global growth.
In some cases, tariffs have gone as high as 145–245%, disturbing global markets.
There’s an urgent need to ensure fair, rule-based international trade with low barriers.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) must play a stronger role to maintain global trade order.
Meanwhile, countries may have to rely on regional trade agreements for smoother trade flows.

Conclusion

The U.S.’s reciprocal tariff policy marks a shift towards trade protectionism. While India must safeguard its export interests, its response should be strategic and balanced, focusing on diplomacy, economic realism, and global trade stability through multilateral efforts.

HOW CHINA IS FIGHTING U.S. TARIFFS

TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE HINDU

The U.S. has adopted an aggressive “reciprocal tariff” policy as part of its “America First” approach, leading to rising trade tensions, especially with China, which has now taken strategic countermeasures.

U.S. Trade Policy Shift and Its Global Impact

The U.S. introduced a national-focused trade approach, using tariffs to pressure countries with trade surpluses.
These “reciprocal tariffs” were meant to fix perceived unfair trade practices.
A 90-day delay in enforcement was given to 57 nations (excluding China), likely to push them into bilateral trade talks.
The strategy aimed to cut U.S. trade deficits through pressure tactics.

Escalation into a Tariff War

China retaliated immediately, matching the new tariffs.
The tariff battle intensified with multiple hikes:

S. imposed a total of 104%,
China responded with 125%,
S. hit back with 145%.

Despite the hostility, essential electronic products (like semiconductors, phones) were exempted, highlighting U.S. dependency on these items.
Policy uncertainty was seen in the U.S., especially over whether to include electronics.

Strategic Delay and Bilateral Push

The 90-day pause was a calculated move to pressure nations into trade deals.
The U.S. centralized trade decision-making, reducing the role of its own trade agency.
This slowed down negotiations, as it involved dozens of countries and complex issues.
A recent review suggested major trade reforms were needed in these countries, adding to the challenge.

Effects on Developing Nations

Some developing nations faced tough demands, such as:

Opening agricultural markets
Cutting subsidies
Changing food distribution systems
Loosening patent laws (especially for medicines)
Relaxing data storage rules
Allowing GM food imports

These changes are seen as unreasonable and difficult to implement.

China’s Counter Strategy

China reduced its reliance on U.S. exports—from 19.2% in 2018 to 13.5% in 2025.
It strengthened trade ties with ASEAN and other global partners.
China holds two major assets:

92% of global rare earth supply, vital for high-tech industries
Significant S. treasury bond holdings, which it has reduced since 2018

Need for Global Cooperation

Unilateral tariffs threaten global economic stability.
A coordinated effort is needed to strengthen multilateral trade systems.
International bodies like the WTO must be supported to prevent future disruptions.

Conclusion

China’s calculated and diverse response to U.S. tariffs highlights the importance of economic resilience, diversification, and strategic diplomacy. Going forward, nations must work together to promote fair trade practices and reduce dependency on unilateral decisions.

TYPE 5 DIABETES RECOGNIZED BY THE INTERNATIONAL DIABETES FEDERATION

TOPIC: (GS3) HEALTH: THE HINDU

The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has officially classified Type 5 Diabetes as a separate disease. This condition, long neglected, mostly affects undernourished and lean youth in low- and middle-income countries.

What is Type 5 Diabetes?

It is a malnutrition-related form of diabetes, distinct from both Type 1 and Type 2.
Mainly impacts young adults with low BMI (below 18.5).
The disease is linked to poor nutrition during early life or even during the fetal stage.
Previously known as J-type diabetes in 1955 and later called Malnutrition-Related Diabetes Mellitus (MRDM) by WHO in 1985.
It was dropped from WHO classification in 1999 due to limited scientific evidence.
Now, in April 2025, it has been officially acknowledged again as a distinct diabetes type.

How It Differs from Other Types

Unlike Type 2, which involves insulin resistance, Type 5 involves low insulin production due to damaged pancreatic beta cells.
No autoimmune or genetic markers (seen in Type 1) are present.
People with this type show extremely low fat stores, and their diets lack protein and vital nutrients.
Liver glucose production is also lower than in Type 2 diabetics.
Often misdiagnosed due to its similarity with other diabetes forms and lack of classification.

Early-Life Causes and Historical Factors

Begins often in the womb – due to poor maternal nutrition during pregnancy.
Leads to incomplete development of the pancreas, reducing insulin secretion ability in adulthood.
Long-term undernutrition is often a result of colonial exploitation, food insecurity, and high physical labour, especially in regions like South Asia and Africa.

Treatment and Way Forward

Needs a nutritional approach, with high-protein diets and balanced intake of carbs and fats.
Treatment may include insulin or oral medication, but only after proper diagnosis.
Focus is on restoring healthy weight and improving body functions through nutrition.
The IDF is now forming diagnostic criteria, enabling proper identification and care.

What is Diabetes?

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic health condition where the body cannot properly regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels.
Glucose is the main source of energy, and its levels are controlled by a hormone called insulin.

Hormone Involved: Insulin

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas.
It helps move glucose from the blood into the body’s cells to be used for energy or stored.
Without enough insulin, or if the body doesn’t use insulin properly, blood sugar remains high, leading to diabetes.

Causes of Diabetes

Autoimmune reaction (body attacks insulin-making cells)
Insulin resistance (body doesn’t respond to insulin)
Genetics (family history of diabetes)
Unhealthy lifestyle:

Poor diet (high sugar/fat)
Lack of exercise
Obesity

Hormonal imbalances or diseases of the pancreas

Type 1 Diabetes

The body’s immune system destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
Very little or no insulin is made.
Usually develops in children or young adults.
Needs insulin injections for life.
Cause: Autoimmune.

Type 2 Diabetes

The body doesn’t use insulin properly (insulin resistance), and later may not produce enough.
More common in adults, but now seen in younger people too due to poor lifestyle.
Managed with diet, exercise, tablets, and sometimes insulin.

Cause: Lifestyle + Genetics.

Conclusion

The formal recognition of Type 5 Diabetes is an important step in addressing health inequities linked to poverty and malnutrition. It brings long-overdue attention to vulnerable populations, helping design better diagnosis, treatment, and policy interventions.

Prelims Practice Question:

With reference to Diabetes Mellitus, consider the following statements:

Insulin is a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands to regulate blood sugar levels.
Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body destroys insulin-producing cells.
Type 2 Diabetes is primarily caused by the body’s inability to use insulin effectively.
Type 2 Diabetes can never be managed without insulin injections.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
1, 3, and 4 only
2, 3, and 4 only

Answer: B

Explanation:

Insulin is produced by the pancreas, not the adrenal glands.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease.
Type 2 diabetes is due to insulin resistance.
Type 2 diabetes can often be managed with diet, exercise, and oral medication; insulin is not always needed.

FICTION OF BALANCED TRADE

TOPIC: (GS3) ECONOMY: THE HINDU

The U.S., under Donald Trump’s leadership, began a global tariff war aiming to reduce trade deficits, which disrupted global markets. This move is affecting economies like India, bringing both risks and opportunities.

U.S. and Its Tariff Policy Shift

The U.S. under President Trump started a series of trade restrictions, raising tariffs on many imported items like steel, aluminium, and cars.
While some temporary relief was given, most high tariffs are still in place.
The goal was to reduce the trade gap by pushing for “balanced trade” with each partner.

Rising Global Trade Tensions

These protectionist steps led to major reactions from countries like China, sparking trade disputes.
The U.S. has moved from cooperative trade systems to a confrontational, bilateral approach.
Trade partnerships are weakening, and economic ties are becoming more uncertain.

Economic Instability and Recession Fears

Global markets have become unstable, with falling investor confidence due to shifting trade rules.
Businesses are facing rising costs and uncertain supply chains, affecting profits.
These factors have increased fears of a global economic slowdown.

Worrying Trends in U.S. Bond Markets

U.S. bond markets show signs of stress – yields are rising, indicating foreign investors may be pulling out of U.S. assets.
This rare trend signals global mistrust in U.S. economic stability.
Such pressure may have led the U.S. to pause some tariffs temporarily.

Misunderstanding Trade Deficits

The Trump administration treated trade deficits as economic weakness.
But economists say deficits can reflect strong investment or domestic demand.
Trying to force equal trade with every country overlooks the complex causes of trade imbalances.

Impact on India: Threats and Opportunities

India may face challenges like:

Falling global demand for exports.
Cheap Chinese goods entering Indian markets.

But benefits may include:

Lower global prices, easing inflation.
New investments as companies shift from China, especially in electronics.

Way Forward for India

Strengthen trade ties with the U.S. while protecting its service sector.
Offer strategic imports (like energy or defense) to reduce trade tension.
Use U.S. pressure to push agricultural reforms.
Expand trade with EU, ASEAN, and other blocs.
Lower its own import duties to promote competitiveness and reform.

Conclusion:

The global trade shift led by U.S. tariffs gives India a rare chance to reform its trade and economic systems. By acting smartly, India can strengthen its global position and boost long-term growth.

TURTLE 03233’S JOURNEY CHALLENGES OLIVE RIDLEY MIGRATION PATTERNS

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT: THE HINDU

An Olive Ridley turtle, tagged in Odisha in 2021, was found nesting 4,500 km away in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, revealing a new migration path and nesting behavior for the species.

Turtle tagged as 03233 was originally from Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary on India’s east coast.
It was found nesting alone at Guhagar beach in Ratnagiri on the west coast.
Scientists believe it possibly swam around Sri Lanka to reach the new nesting site.
This is the first recorded case of such a long-distance migration for an Olive Ridley in India.

Scientific Importance

Traditionally, Olive Ridleys are known to return to eastern Indian beaches, like Odisha, in large groups (arribadas) to lay eggs.
The nesting in Maharashtra shows a wider breeding range than previously thought.
This challenges the belief that Olive Ridleys only nest on the east coast.

Tracking and Monitoring

Turtle 03233 had a flipper tag, which helps track movement only when the turtle is physically found again.
Satellite tags, though more accurate, are expensive and not widely used.
Inspired by this discovery, Maharashtra has started tagging turtles along the Konkan coast to better understand their routes.

Conservation and Community Role

The finding stresses the need to protect turtle nesting sites on both coasts of India.
More tagging and studies are needed to confirm if such long migrations are common.
Local conservation volunteers (kasav mitras) helped identify the turtle, showing how community participation is vital in wildlife protection.

Prelims Practice Question

With reference to the Olive Ridley turtles, consider the following statements:

The Olive Ridley turtles are known for their mass nesting called “arribada.”
They are classified as “Endangered” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
They primarily inhabit the coasts of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
The Olive Ridley turtles only nest along the coastlines of India and Sri Lanka.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1 and 2 only
1, 2, and 3 only
2, 3, and 4 only
1, 3, and 4 only

Answer: B

Explanation:

The Olive Ridley turtles are known for their mass nesting called “arribada,” where thousands of females gather to nest on the same beach.
The Olive Ridley turtle is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN (not “Endangered”), but the status can change depending on region and conservation efforts.
These turtles are found in both the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
Olive Ridley turtles nest along many other coasts, including Central America and Mexico, not just India and Sri Lanka.

MINIATURE LASER ON SILICON CHIP

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE HINDU

Researchers from the US and Europe have achieved a major milestone by growing miniature lasers directly on silicon chips, marking a breakthrough in silicon photonics. The results were recently published in the journal Nature.

What Is the Innovation?

Scientists have successfully created tiny lasers directly on silicon wafers.
Earlier, lasers were made separately and later attached to chips, which caused slow speed, high costs, and performance issues.
This technique now allows lasers to be grown on-chip using a scalable process, which is also compatible with CMOS technology — widely used in chip manufacturing.

Significance in Silicon Photonics

This development is crucial in silicon photonics, a field where light (photons) replaces electrons for carrying information.
Photons travel faster, consume less power, and offer greater bandwidth, making them better than traditional electronic signals.
This is especially important for data centres, optical sensors, and quantum computing.

Components of a Photonic Chip

A photonic chip typically includes:

A laser light source
Waveguides to direct light
Modulators to code and decode information
Photodetectors to turn light into electrical signals

Laser Design and Materials

Lasers work through stimulated emission, where electrons drop energy levels and release coherent light.
Silicon is not ideal for light generation due to its indirect bandgap.
Hence, materials like gallium arsenide (GaAs) and a protective layer of indium gallium phosphide were used in this innovation.
Electrical contacts were added to supply power to the laser.

Conclusion

This breakthrough bridges a key gap in silicon photonics and paves the way for faster, energy-efficient computing systems by enabling on-chip laser integration.

CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD)

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE HINDU

Two individuals in the United States have reportedly died from Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) within a few months, bringing attention to this rare and fatal brain disorder.

What is CJD?

CJD is a rare neurological condition that leads to rapid mental decline and death.
It is a type of prion disease, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).
Though symptoms may appear similar to Alzheimer’s disease, CJD progresses much faster.
The disease is very rare, with only about 1 to 2 cases per million people globally each year.
It commonly affects older adults.

Cause of CJD

The disease is caused by misfolded proteins called prions.
Normal prions are found mostly in the nervous system and are harmless.
When a prion becomes abnormal, it triggers other nearby prions to misfold.
These abnormal prions accumulate in the brain, causing nerve damage and cell loss.

Symptoms

Rapid loss of memory and dementia
Jerky muscle movements (myoclonus)
Poor coordination and trouble walking
Most patients die within a year after symptoms begin, mainly due to infections caused by immobility.

Treatment

There is no cure for CJD.
Treatment is supportive, focusing on easing symptoms.
Pain relief and antidepressants are used to manage discomfort and emotional distress.

Conclusion

CJD is a rapidly progressive and incurable brain disorder. Although extremely rare, it highlights the need for continued research on prion diseases and neurodegeneration.

TUTI ISLAND

TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE HINDU

Tuti Island in Sudan has suffered severe damage due to ongoing conflict between the Sudanese Army and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) since April 2023. The island now faces violence, occupation, and environmental threats.

About Tuti Island

Tuti Island lies at the meeting point of the Blue and White Nile rivers in Khartoum, Sudan.
It covers around 8 square kilometers and is one of the oldest inhabited areas of the city.
The island is well-known for its fertile land, making it a hub for farming and fishing, earning the title “Khartoum’s garden.”
It has cultural importance for the Mahas community, who have lived there since the 15th century.
Tuti Island reflects local traditions, indigenous identity, and a model of sustainable living.

Impact of War

Since the outbreak of civil war in April 2023, the island has experienced occupation, destruction, and displacement of locals.
According to UN reports, the wider conflict has:

Killed tens of thousands,
Displaced over 13 million people,
Pushed around 100,000 into famine in Khartoum alone.

Tuti’s strategic location has made it vulnerable to both military presence and looting.

Climate and Environmental Challenges

Climate change has worsened the situation by affecting the natural flow of the Nile.
Irregular flooding and rising temperatures have led to droughts, flooding, and desertification.
These environmental shifts threaten agriculture, water supply, and traditional practices.

Conservation Efforts: HEART Project

The HEART Project (Heritage Empowered Action for Risk in Tuti) was launched to:

Protect local heritage,
Document the Taya irrigation system, and
Preserve community knowledge from being lost due to war and climate stress.

Conclusion

Tuti Island represents the tragic intersection of conflict, cultural loss, and climate change. Immediate steps are needed to protect both its people and heritage.

Daily Current Affairs

Daily Current Affairs 16-April-2025

Posted on April 16, 2025April 19, 2025 by admin

TRUMP'S TARIFF POLITICS AND THE IMPACT ON INDIA-US STRATEGIC RELATIONS

TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: INDIAN EXPRESS

The Trump administration has imposed new tariffs as part of its “Make America Great Again” policy, impacting allies like India. These measures are straining India-US ties and raising concerns over long-term trust in the strategic partnership.

Brief on the Issue

The US under Donald Trump is pursuing an aggressive tariff strategy mainly against China, but friendly countries like India are also facing economic pressure.
This approach introduces transactional politics in international relations, challenging India’s expectations of a stable and strategic

India’s Diplomatic Challenge:

India is in a tough spot balancing its relationship with the US while dealing with sudden economic
Despite engaging in early talks and maintaining strong diplomatic ties, India is still affected by broader US economic decisions.
The tariffs reflect a shift from long-term partnership to short-term deals, adding friction.

China as the Main Focus:

Trump’s administration sees China as the biggest threat to US dominance, both economically and
Unlike his earlier term, Trump now has fewer checks and is more assertive in his actions.
This anti-China push includes urging companies to relocate their supply chains, creating ripple effects for global trade.
Weakening trust between India and the US. A balanced, targeted approach is needed to maintain long-term diplomatic stability.

REFORMING INDIA’S BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATY (BIT) MODEL

TOPIC: (GS3) ECONOMY: INDIAN EXPRESS

Context (Brief about the Issue):

India’s 2015 model BIT was designed to protect the country’s right to regulate but has struggled to attract new investment partners.
The government is now considering making the treaty more balanced to draw foreign investment and safeguard Indian investors abroad.

Need for Reform in India’s BIT Framework

The current BIT model is seen as too defensive and not investor-friendly, leading to limited international acceptance.
The Finance Minister’s openness to revising it shows the government’s recognition of its
Over the past decade, India has signed very few BITs under the 2015 model, pointing to the urgency for a more practical and appealing

Debate on Dual BIT Models

Some experts suggest India should adopt two BIT models:
One model favourable to foreign investors (when India is importing capital).
Another favouring Indian interests (when India is exporting capital).
This proposal is intended to offer India flexibility in aligning treaty commitments based on its economic relationship with the other country.

Issues with a Two-Model BIT Approach

Categorizing countries as capital exporters or importers is difficult and changes over time.
Fair and Equitable Treatment: BITs often include clauses that ensure investors receive just and non-discriminatory treatment.
MFN and National Treatment: Many BITs include Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) and National Treatment clauses to ensure that foreign investors are treated no less favorably than domestic or third-party investors.
Promotes Economic Cooperation: BITs aim to foster trust and attract foreign direct investment (FDI) by creating a stable and predictable investment environment.

India’s Approach:

India had signed many BITs in the 1990s and
After facing multiple investor disputes, India adopted a new Model BIT in 2015, focusing more on protecting the government’s right to regulate and limiting investor rights.
The Finance Minister’s proposal to reform the 2015 model seeks to make it more investor- friendly to attract foreign investment.

Conclusion:

India doesn’t need multiple BIT models, but a single, well- balanced one. It should offer fair protection to foreign investors while preserving India’s right to regulate for public welfare.

Mains Practice Question:

India needs to strike a balance between ensuring investor security and maintaining its authority to regulate in public interest. Critically analyze the suggestion of using two separate Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) models, depending on whether India is a capital importer or exporter. (150 WORDS)

INDIA, RISING POWER DEMAND, AND THE HYDROGEN FACTOR

TOPIC: (GS3) ECONOMY: THE HINDU

India is preparing to meet its rising electricity demand and climate goals by integrating hydrogen and electricity storage into its energy transition. A shift in policy to include nuclear-produced hydrogen under “low-carbon hydrogen” is also being considered.

India aims to become a developed country while achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070.
This goal requires major changes in the way energy is produced, stored, and used, especially by shifting away from fossil fuels.

Policy Shift: Green to Low-Carbon Hydrogen:

At present, only hydrogen made from solar/wind is called “green hydrogen.”
Since nuclear-based hydrogen also has low emissions, a new classification of “low-carbon hydrogen” is suggested.
This would allow nuclear-powered hydrogen to qualify for government support and incentives.

Need for Integrated Approach:

Hydrogen production and electricity storage are currently treated separately.
Merging them can lower costs and improve overall energy efficiency.
Case studies prove that combined systems are more economical and sustainable.

Way Forward:

Redefine “green hydrogen” as “low-carbon hydrogen” to include nuclear-based options.
Promote joint development of energy storage and hydrogen systems to build a cost-effective and clean energy future.

HYDROGEN POWER

Hydrogen power is a clean energy source that uses hydrogen gas to generate electricity. When hydrogen is used in fuel cells or burned, it produces energy with zero carbon emissions, only releasing water as a byproduct. It can be made from water using electrolysis, especially using renewable energy (called green hydrogen), and making it a key solution for decarbonizing industries, transport, and power sectors.

CONCLUSION:

A sustainable energy future for India depends on smart integration of hydrogen and low-carbon electricity sources. Redefining hydrogen categories and encouraging joint systems can boost efficiency and support India’s net- zero goals.

Prelims Practice Question:

Q. Consider the following statements regarding Green Hydrogen:

Green hydrogen is produced using renewable energy sources like solar and wind through the process of electrolysis.
The only by-product of green hydrogen used in a fuel cell is water.
Green hydrogen has higher carbon emissions compared to grey hydrogen.

Green hydrogen is produced through electrolysis using renewable energy, such as solar or wind.
In fuel cells, hydrogen combines with oxygen to produce electricity, and the only by-product is water.
Green hydrogen has nearly zero carbon emissions, unlike grey hydrogen, which is produced from fossil fuels and emits CO₂.

Examine the necessity for a robust AI policy in India. How can the country strike a balance between fostering innovation and ensuring ethical standards, along with public accountability, in the application of AI technologies?

INDIA’S STRATEGY FOR REGULATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

TOPIC: (GS2) GOVERNANCE: THE HINDU

India is quickly adopting Artificial Intelligence (AI), but it lacks a clear national strategy or legal framework for its regulation, raising concerns about ethics, transparency, and accountability.

Global Trends in AI Regulation

Over the past year, the global focus has shifted from just ethical and safety concerns to using AI for innovation and economic development.
Only a few countries — like the EU, China, U.S., Canada, South Korea, and Peru — have official AI regulations.
Countries such as Japan, U.K., Brazil, and Pakistan have proposed AI-related laws but haven’t passed them yet.
Around 85 nations, including the African Union, have published national AI strategy papers with goals, plans, and ethical principles.

India’s Current AI Approach

India doesn’t yet have an official AI policy or law.
The IndiaAI Mission is the main initiative, aiming to develop a responsible and inclusive AI ecosystem.
A 2018 NITI Aayog report proposed a national AI plan, but it was never formally adopted or funded.
The IndiaAI strategy has seven core pillars, including research, talent, and responsible AI use.
An expert group is working on AI governance proposals, but the framework is yet to be finalised.

Strengths and Weaknesses in India’s Approach

Positive side: India’s flexible system can adjust to rapid technological or global shifts.
Drawback: The absence of a clear national policy leads to scattered efforts without long-term direction.
Implementation often depends on specific departments or individuals rather than a national roadmap.

Why Safeguards Are Needed

Growing use of AI in public services like education and healthcare may lead to bias, exclusion, or data misuse.
Presently, India’s AI rules are mostly voluntary and lack clarity.
The public is largely unaware of how AI systems are designed or how they affect them.
Misuse of AI-generated content has already triggered social disturbances, highlighting the urgency of regulation.

Learning from International Models

EU and China use a centralised cross-sector regulatory model.
The U.S. prefers sector-specific rules.
India’s DPDP Act, 2023 can serve as a base for cross-sector AI regulation.
India can adopt a hybrid model combining global best practices.

Way Forward

A formal AI policy is needed as the first step.
It should cover: ethical use, legal frameworks, implementation bodies, and public awareness.
Encouraging public debate and testing systems will improve accountability and trust.

Conclusion:

A balanced and forward-looking AI policy will ensure that India leverages the benefits of AI while protecting its citizens. Public engagement and clear laws are key to responsible AI growth.

INDIA’S PUSH FOR EARLY HARVEST TRADE PACT WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION

TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: INDIAN EXPRESS

India is working to finalize an early harvest trade agreement with the European Union to unlock short-term trade benefits. This move is part of India’s broader plan to diversify its trade partners amid global trade challenges.

With increasing global trade uncertainties, India is aiming to strengthen its international trade partnerships.
As full Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) take time, India is opting for early harvest deals—limited but focused trade agreements that deliver faster benefits.

India-EU Early Harvest Deal: A Strategic Move

India and the EU are discussing an early harvest agreement that would lower tariffs on selected important goods.
The aim is to offer quick gains to businesses and consumers without waiting for a full FTA.
This step is seen as a practical way to build momentum in trade talks.

India’s Phased Trade Negotiation Strategy

The Indian government is prioritizing a step-by-step trade negotiation model.
Officials describe this as a “first things first” approach—focusing on areas of mutual agreement before tackling more complex issues.
A similar strategy is also being pursued with the United States.

Progress and Stumbling Blocks in EU-India FTA Talks

Since July 2022, India and the EU have held ten negotiation rounds.
There has been progress in mechanisms like dispute resolution.
However, challenges remain, especially on rules of origin and the EU’s demand for more access in certain markets.

Key Sectors Involved

The sectors being discussed include:

Processed food items
Pharmaceuticals
Textiles and garments
Chemicals and fertilizers
Automobile parts

The EU is especially pushing for better access in automobiles and medical devices, which is slowing down final decisions.

Conclusion:
India’s early harvest deal with the EU reflects a smart and flexible approach to international trade. By securing early gains, India aims to build trust and pave the way for a comprehensive FTA in the future.

CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (CBI)

TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU

The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has recently apprehended four key individuals involved in a “digital arrest” fraud as part of its nationwide Operation Chakra V. This highlights the growing concerns over cyber-enabled financial crimes and the need for stronger regulatory measures.

Overview of Operation Chakra V

Operation Chakra V aims to combat cyber-enabled financial crimes and dismantle organized cybercrime syndicates that exploit digital platforms for illegal activities.
The operation targets crimes such as data theft, online scams, and “digital arrest” frauds, where victims are extorted under psychological pressure.

Key Components of the Operation

Coordination and Arrests: Operation Chakra V includes coordinated actions by the CBI, involving searches, arrests, and the seizure of digital evidence from the suspects.
Geographical Reach: The operation spans across India, targeting cybercrime networks operating from different locations.
Collaboration with State Police: To strengthen enforcement, the CBI works in collaboration with state police forces, leveraging advanced investigative methods.
Public Awareness: One of the core aspects of the operation is educating the public about the risks of cybercrime and encouraging them to report frauds through cyber helplines.

Focus on “Digital Arrest” Fraud

Definition: In this type of fraud, criminals impersonate officials to create false situations of arrest, extorting money from victims under duress.
Psychological Pressure: The fraudsters use psychological tactics to coerce individuals into making payments, increasing the complexity of the crime.

CBI (Central Bureau of Investigation)

The CBI was established in 1963 by a notification of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, initially as the Special Police Establishment (SPE).

Function: CBI is the premier investigating agency in India, responsible for investigating serious crimes like corruption, financial frauds, and major criminal cases (including cybercrimes and terrorism).
Autonomy: While CBI functions under the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT), it is often perceived as needing greater autonomy, especially when investigating high-profile cases involving politicians and public servants.

Key Functions of CBI

Investigative Authority: CBI investigates cases referred to it by the government, and it can also take up cases on its own.

Specialized Branches: The CBI has several divisions such as the Anti-Corruption Branch (ACB), Economic Offenses Wing (EOW), and Special Crime Branch (SCB) for investigating specific types of crimes.
Coordination with State Police: CBI works in coordination with state police for effective law enforcement and investigation of crimes spanning multiple states.

Constitutional and Legal Basis

Article 73: Extent of executive power of the Union – Article 73 allows the Union to legislate and take executive actions in areas under the Union list. CBI’s powers, especially related to interstate crimes, fall under this provision.
Article 256: Obligation of States and Union – This article directs state governments to assist the Union government in matters related to law and order, which includes providing support to agencies like the CBI.
The Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946: Initially, the DSPE Act was enacted to investigate corruption in the central government. CBI now operates under this Act.

The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988: This act gives CBI the authority to investigate cases of corruption among public officials.

Operation Chakra V reflects the growing urgency to tackle cybercrime in India. By targeting major fraud networks and raising public awareness, the operation serves as a critical step towards improving cybersecurity and protecting individuals from digital threats.

CHEETAH RELOCATION FROM KUNO TO GANDHI SAGAR

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT: THE HINDU

The Cheetah Project Steering Committee has approved relocating some cheetahs from Kuno National Park to Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh as part of the ongoing efforts to establish a stable cheetah population.

Cheetah Reintroduction in India

Cheetahs were declared extinct in India in 1952. To restore ecological balance and reintroduce these apex predators, Project Cheetah was launched in 2022.
Initially, 20 cheetahs were translocated to Kuno National Park from Namibia and South Africa.

Relocation Plan:

The relocation to Gandhi Sagar aims to create a larger cheetah meta-population across Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, with a target of 60-70 individuals.
The relocation involves cheetahs either from the wild or enclosures at Kuno, with Gandhi Sagar’s prey base (including chinkara, nilgai, and chital) being sufficient to support them.

Key Features of Cheetahs

Cheetahs are the fastest land animals, capable of reaching speeds up to 120 km/h, making them exceptional hunters.
They communicate through chirps, barks, and use markings like urine sprays to mark territories.
Females mature by 20–24 months and give birth to 3–5 cubs with a gestation period of 90–95 days.

Protection Status

Cheetahs are listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and are protected under Schedule II of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
They are also listed in CITES Appendix I for protection against international trade.

Conclusion

The relocation of cheetahs to Gandhi Sagar is crucial for building a self-sustaining population and improving biodiversity in India’s grassland ecosystems.

REPO RATE CUT BY RBI

TOPIC: (GS3) ECONOMY: THE HINDU

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently reduced the repo rate by 25 basis points to 6%, a move aimed at supporting economic growth amidst global challenges.

What is Repo Rate?

Definition: The repo rate is the interest rate at which the RBI lends short-term funds to commercial banks, secured by government securities.
Purpose: It is a key tool for the RBI to manage liquidity, control inflation, and influence economic activity by regulating the money supply in the economy.
Impact on Banks: When the RBI changes the repo rate, it affects borrowing costs for commercial banks, thereby influencing the rates at which they lend to customers.

Impact of the Repo Rate Cut

Lower Borrowing Costs: Reduced borrowing costs for commercial banks allow them to offer loans at lower interest rates, making credit more accessible to consumers and businesses.
Impact on Fixed Deposits: Banks generally lower the interest rates on fixed deposits (FDs) after a repo rate cut, reducing returns on new FDs. However, existing FDs remain unaffected until maturity.
Enhanced Credit Flow: The lower interest rates encourage borrowing, thus stimulating both business investments and consumer spending, which helps boost economic activity.
Growth in Key Sectors: Sectors such as real estate and infrastructure are likely to benefit from lower financing costs, leading to increased activity in these areas.
Global Economic Context: The RBI’s decision also aims to safeguard the Indian economy against global uncertainties, such as potential trade disruptions due to tariffs.

Conclusion

The RBI’s repo rate cut is a strategic move to lower borrowing costs, encourage credit flow, and support economic growth, especially in the face of global economic challenges.

Daily Current Affairs

Daily Current Affairs 15-April-2025

Posted on April 15, 2025April 19, 2025 by admin

HISTORY AS A BATTLEFIELD: THE DANGERS OF REWRITING THE PAST

TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU

In March 2025, several school textbooks were revised, removing or criticizing specific historical figures and praising some native rulers. This sparked debate over how history is interpreted and used in modern times.

Textbook Revisions and Public Reactions

Some historical figures were either removed or shown negatively in revised school books.
Public outrage followed, with calls to rename or destroy Mughal-era structures.
Social media campaigns encouraged defacing historical monuments, promoting a one-sided
While some argued that these steps correct past bias, others warned that this deepens divisions.

Why History Needs a Balanced Perspective

History should be studied in context — considering causes, impacts, and the time it occurred.
Using history to regain imagined past glory is harmful and divisive.
Reversing the past does not solve present issues; instead, it can create more conflicts.
While acknowledging past injustices is important, they should not fuel revenge-based politics or redraw borders.

Difference Between Reinterpretation and Revisionism

Reinterpretation: Based on fresh evidence or academic insight, improving our understanding of the past.
Political Revisionism: History is distorted to suit current ideologies, often driven by nationalism or identity politics.
Critics say this narrows the understanding of medieval Indian history.

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad’s Contributions

References to India’s first Education Minister and freedom fighter were removed from the Class 11 Political Science textbook.
This sparked debate over erasing important figures from India’s independence movement.

Gandhi’s Assassination and Nathuram Godse

Detailed discussions on Mahatma Gandhi’s assassination and Nathuram Godse’s role were edited out from Class 12 Political Science
The change was criticized for reducing focus on communal violence and peace-building.

RECENT ADDITIONS:

Veer Savarkar’s Role in Freedom Struggle

New content highlighting Vinayak Damodar Savarkar’s contributions was added in some state board history textbooks.
Focus is on his writings, prison life, and nationalistic ideas.

Bhagat Singh and Revolutionary Movements

Some books have expanded content on Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev, emphasizing revolutionary nationalism.
Aimed at showcasing alternate freedom struggle narratives.

Article 370 and Removal of Jammu & Kashmir’s Special Status

The abrogation of Article 370 (2019) and its implications have been included in updated political science and civics textbooks.

CONCLUSION:

History should serve as a tool for understanding and unity, not for division or revenge. A forward-looking, inclusive approach is key to building a peaceful and progressive society.

FEMINISM FOR POLARISED TIMES

TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU

The Women’s Reservation Bill, 2023 has renewed national conversations about gender justice and representation. This has sparked deeper debates on how feminism can remain inclusive and sensitive in today’s divided society.

Gender Equity in the Spotlight

The Women’s Reservation Bill has brought gender equality to the heart of political discussions.
Social reform needs both laws and family-level shifts — like sharing household duties or helping girls study.
Success stories of women often include supportive male relatives, proving that cooperation is essential.

When Structural Injustice Needs Action

In extreme cases like honour killings or proxy politics, only firm laws and reforms can protect women.
Empowering women fully requires economic freedom, education, legal rights, and a strong support system.

Recognising Different Feminist Struggles

An urban working woman’s experience differs from that of a rural woman facing violence.

Feminist debates must respect these differences and avoid generalizing all women’s issues.

Towards a Balanced and Compassionate Feminism

Feminism should be empathetic and inclusive, not confrontational.
Recognizing men’s challenges, especially in low- income settings, can build bridges.
A successful feminist movement should balance emotion with reform, and dialogue with action.

Conclusion:

A compassionate and balanced feminism is essential to bring real change. It must understand social realities, promote dialogue, and move forward without deepening divisions.

Mains Practice Question:

Examine why feminism in India today must be rooted in empathy and contextual understanding, especially in the wake of the Women’s Reservation Bill, 2023. (150 WORDS)

THE MOON KING: SATURN BECOMES THE PLANET WITH MOST MOONS

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE HINDU

Saturn has now become the planet with the highest number of moons after astronomers confirmed the discovery of 128 new moons, raising its total to 274. This finding has renewed interest in understanding the formation and evolution of planetary moon systems.

These fragments likely formed within the last 100 million years, a short period in the 4.65-billion- year history of the solar system.
Their survival until now shows that these events happened relatively recently.

Other Theories: Captured Debris from Deep Space

Another theory suggests some of these moons were captured from the outer solar system.
Saturn, being closer to the icy region of the solar system, could have attracted ice-rich debris, which shatters more easily than rock—explaining the large number of moons.

Why Now? Better Viewing Conditions

Between 2019 and 2024, Saturn moved away from the crowded star fields of the Milky Way, giving astronomers a better chance to observe faint moons.
In contrast, observing Jupiter is harder due to its stronger gravity and its position in denser star regions.

Future Scope

Jupiter might regain the lead as more moons are discovered.
This breakthrough will drive new research into how moons form, especially around giant planets, helping us understand the early dynamics of the solar system.

CONCLUSION:

The discovery of Saturn’s 128 new moons reveals insights into the planet’s violent past and the solar system’s evolution. It marks a significant step in deepening our understanding of celestial dynamics and planetary formation.

LAND-HOLDING FARMERS DOING NON- FARMING WORK IMPROVES FARM EFFICIENCY

TOPIC: (GS3) AGRICULTURE: THE HINDU

A recent study has shown that land-owning farmers who engage in non-agricultural work can improve the efficient use of labour on their farms. This offers insights into how rural job diversification can strengthen agricultural outcomes.

Recommendations for Policy

The study recommends that the government develop structured non-farm employment opportunities in rural areas.
There’s a need to support farmers through easy access to credit, training, and skill development to balance both farm and non-farm roles effectively.
Encouraging a balanced approach to non-farm engagement can enhance resilience and productivity in Indian agriculture.

Conclusion:

Helping farmers diversify into non-farm work can improve their skills and income, ultimately supporting better farm management. With the right policy support, rural employment strategies can strengthen both agriculture and rural livelihoods.

MINIATURE LASER ON SILICON CHIP: A GAME-CHANGER IN COMPUTING

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE HINDU

Scientists from the US and Europe have successfully built tiny lasers directly on a silicon chip. This breakthrough could significantly enhance computing power while reducing energy use.

This innovation is a crucial step in advancing silicon photonics, a field focused on using light (photons) instead of electricity (electrons) for data communication.

What is Silicon Photonics?

Silicon photonics uses light to transfer data on microchips, offering faster and more energy- efficient computing.
Photons are capable of moving data quicker than electrons and with lower energy loss. Prepares for its Gaganyaan mission, it is implementing similar rigorous safety measures for human spaceflight.

Ensuring Safety in Human Spaceflight

Human spaceflight involves complex challenges during launch, orbital operations, and reentry.
ISRO’s Gaganyaan mission is India’s first human spaceflight, and stringent safety protocols are being established to ensure the safety of its crew.

Safety Protocols During Launch

Launchpad Safety: In 1967, the tragic fire accident during Apollo-1 led to an overhaul of launchpad safety protocols. ISRO has implemented fireproof bubble lifts and ziplines for fast evacuation at Sriharikota’s launch pad.
Crew Escape System: A human-rated launch vehicle for Gaganyaan includes an escape tower, which disengages from the main rocket if needed.
Two types of motors are involved: Low-altitude Escape Motor (LEM) and High-altitude Escape Motor (HEM).
Pad Abort System: In case of an emergency just after ignition, both the LEM and HEM motors quickly eject the crew module to safety, ensuring a safe splashdown at sea.
Example: The Soyuz T-10 rocket and Blue Origin NS-23 flight used their escape systems successfully during similar emergencies.

Safety Measures in Orbit

Crew Module & Service Module: The crew module is where astronauts live, while the service module provides propulsion and control systems.
In case of an emergency in orbit, thrusters in both modules will work together to reenter Earth’s atmosphere.
Orbital Docking Procedures: Although Gaganyaan will not dock with any space station, its crew will be trained in docking procedures.
The spacecraft can serve as a lifeboat in emergencies, similar to NASA’s Crew Dragon and Soyuz capsules.

Safety Protocols During Reentry

Reentry Process: Reentry is the most critical phase, involving controlled descent and speed adjustments.
The heat shield protects the crew from temperatures as high as 1,800°C during reentry.
While stubble burning is penalized, alternative solutions are either not affordable or unavailable for many farmers.

Farmer Challenges

Farmers often depend on middlemen (arhtiyas) for loans and selling crops, limiting their choices.

MSP prices haven’t kept pace with rising input costs, leading to financial stress.
With limited income and tight schedules, farmers burn stubble as the cheapest and fastest method to prepare fields.

Suggested Alternatives

Build a market for paddy residue, including products like animal feed, energy briquettes, and eco-packaging.
Offer subsidies and support for machines like Happy Seeder that allow sowing without burning.
Promote training and awareness on sustainable farming methods.

Policy Recommendations

Improve pricing for farm produce to make alternative methods affordable.
Support rural livelihoods beyond farming to reduce pressure on land and environment.
Encourage public-private partnerships to create eco-friendly technologies and market systems for crop waste.

Conclusion:

Stubble burning is not just an environmental issue but a result of deeper policy and market gaps. Addressing the root causes through fair pricing, better support, and eco-alternatives can help both farmers and the environment.

HONOURING ASSAM’S CULTURAL SPIRIT

TOPIC: (GS1) HISTORY: THE HINDU

Rongali Bihu, marking the Assamese New Year, is being celebrated across Assam with vibrant music, dance, and rituals. It symbolizes the arrival of spring and the hope for a good harvest season.

Misuse of history for political ends can worsen social unrest and increase hostility.

Historical Lessons from a Weaponized Past

Religious wars in Europe during the 16th–17th centuries were driven by attempts to reclaim power based on old grievances.
These conflicts resulted in millions of deaths and economic ruin.
Referencing the past to justify violence today repeats the mistakes that led to suffering.

Modern Examples of Dangerous Revisionism

In the 20th century, a European power’s desire to rewrite peace treaties and revive past dominance led to World War II and the Holocaust.
India’s 1947 Partition saw history manipulated to fuel communal hatred, causing mass displacement.
In regions like the Middle East and Eastern Europe, trying to reclaim historical territories continues to cause conflict.

Way Forward:

History should offer lessons to avoid past mistakes not serve as a guide to repeat them.
Building the future requires moving forward, not recreating a glorified past.
Misusing history for revenge or political gain leads only to more suffering.
A mature, respectful, and forward-looking approach to history is essential for peace and is expected to address women’s participation seriously.

RECENT DELETIONS:

Mughal Empire Chapters (Class 12 History)

Sections on the Mughal courts and rulers were removed from the NCERT textbook Themes of Indian History – Part II.
Now, every institution is expected to address women’s participation seriously.
However, this mainstream acceptance has also made critical dialogue more difficult, as opposing views may be labelled as anti-feminist.

Two Levels of Gender Inequality

Gender issues exist on two levels:

Structural – like patriarchy in laws, customs, and workplaces.
Personal – like family relations based on care, compromise, and emotions.

Focusing only on structural issues may ignore the Emotional depth of real relationships.

Complex Gender Roles in Daily Life

Many men make silent sacrifices for their families and are not always part of patriarchy willingly.
Relationships often mix traditional roles with support and love.
These are not always oppressive — they show the complex balance of gender duties and emotional bonds.

Change Must Happen on Many Fronts

Not all male actions come from misogyny; some reflect inherited roles.

Background of the Discovery

Although the recent confirmation is new, the initial evidence dates back to 2004–2007, when the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii captured hints of faint satellites near Saturn.
At the time, scientists couldn’t track their exact orbits due to limited data.
Over the last five years, researchers used the Canada-France Telescope to closely follow these objects and confirmed them as moons.

Challenges in Detecting Faint Moons

Detecting tiny moons is very complex—a single image isn’t enough.
Scientists take multiple images and stack them using special software to track motion and bring dim objects into view.
The effort is compared to spotting candlelight on the Moon from Earth, requiring years of observation and analysis.

Saturn’s Moons: Insights into Its Past

Most of Saturn’s new moons are very small—just a few kilometers wide.
Their presence points to violent past events, such as collisions between larger objects that broke into smaller fragments.
This suggests that Saturn has experienced more impacts or was more efficient in capturing space debris than Jupiter.

Signs of Recent Collisions

Many of the moons are found in clusters, indicating they may have come from the same parent body.

Background of the Study

The study analysed data from land-holding farmers in eight Indian states: Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand.
It used data collected between 2010 to 2014 by the Village Dynamics in South Asia Project of ICRISAT.

How Efficiency Was Measured

Researchers applied a technique called Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA).
DEA helps compare how efficiently inputs (like labour) are used, without needing to know each farm’s exact production process.
The focus was specifically on labour use efficiency on farms.

Major Findings

Non-farm work (like wage jobs or small businesses) or migration gave farmers new skills and exposure, which they later applied to agriculture.
After sowing crops, many farmers had spare During this period, farm duties were managed by other family members or hired labourers.
Farmers with larger landholdings and more financial resources could afford to hire extra labour, making their absence less disruptive.

Key Implications

Non-agricultural work offers farmers a chance to earn extra income and invest in their farms.
Learning from outside work environments helps farmers adopt modern techniques and better planning.
Diversification into off-farm work is becoming more common due to the uncertainties in agriculture such as climate change, market price Fluctuations, and seasonal risks.
This technology is particularly important for data centres and supercomputers, which need to process huge volumes of information.

Challenges in Creating On-Chip Lasers

Silicon, the most common chip material, doesn’t naturally emit light, making it unsuitable for producing lasers directly.
This limitation has delayed progress in fully optical chips.

Breakthrough Using Gallium Arsenide

Scientists overcame this barrier by introducing gallium arsenide, a light-emitting material.
They grew gallium arsenide in microscopic trenches etched into the silicon.
This method trapped defects at the trench base, allowing high-quality light-emitting crystals to grow above.
These structures served as working lasers on the chip.

Key Highlights of the Discovery

Over 300 functional lasers were integrated onto a single silicon wafer.
The entire process used standard CMOS manufacturing techniques, making it compatible with existing chip production systems.
The innovation can drastically enhance data speed and reduce energy consumption in large-scale computing.

Remaining Challenges

The technology still needs improvements to maintain performance under high temperatures, which is essential for commercial viability.

Conclusion:

This invention brings us closer to high-speed, low-energy optical computing. With further development, it could transform future data processing technologies.

SPACEFLIGHT SAFETY PROTOCOLS FOR GAGANYAAN MISSION

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE HINDU

The safe return of NASA astronauts highlighted the importance of safety protocols in space missions. As ISRO parachute Deployment: A 10-parachute system is used for controlled descent.
Multiple stages of parachute deployment ensure the capsule slows down and lands safely.

Conclusion:

Safety protocols in human spaceflight are essential to protect astronauts throughout their mission. ISRO’s comprehensive approach for Gaganyaan will ensure a successful and safe space mission for India’s first human spaceflight.

HOW GOVERNMENT POLICIES WORSEN STUBBLE BURNING IN INDIA

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT: INDIAN EXPRESS

Recent studies highlight that certain government schemes, especially the Minimum Support Price (MSP) system, may unintentionally encourage stubble burning, worsening air pollution in northern India.

Stubble Burning and Pollution

Every year, especially in October and November, stubble burning leads to serious air pollution in the Indo-Gangetic plains.
This burning is mostly done in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh to clear crop residue quickly for the next sowing season.
Along with emissions from vehicles and industries, it significantly increases 5 levels, harming air quality in cities like Delhi.

Role of Government Policies

The MSP system supports mainly rice and wheat, encouraging mono-cropping.
Farmers are pushed to harvest rice late and sow wheat quickly, reducing the gap between crops— this results in more stubble burning.

Festival of New Beginnings

Rongali Bihu, also known as Bohag Bihu, is one of the most important festivals in Assam.
It signifies the start of the Assamese New Year and the beginning of spring, filled with joy and traditional customs.

Cultural and Agricultural Significance

The festival is closely linked to agriculture, celebrated to welcome the sowing season and pray for a bountiful harvest.
It is observed with traditional dance (Bihu dance) and folk music, representing Assamese identity and heritage.
Special sweets called Bihu pitha and the symbolic Gamosa (a handwoven cloth) are shared among people.

Customs and Celebrations

Rongali Bihu is celebrated for several days in mid- April, aligning with the beginning of the Bohag month in the Assamese calendar.
Homes are cleaned, people wear new clothes, and families come together for feasts and cultural activities.
Rituals are performed to seek good luck, peace, and agricultural prosperity for the coming year.

Conclusion:

Rongali Bihu blends Assamese cultural pride with seasonal and agricultural joy. It strengthens community bonds while celebrating nature’s renewal and future prosperity.