11-January-2025-Daily-Current-Affairs

GLOBAL WARMING BREACHES KEY THRESHOLD IN 2024

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT: THE HINDU

The year 2024 marked a significant milestone in climate change, as global temperatures exceeded the 1.5°C threshold above pre-industrial levels for the first time. This highlights the urgent need for collective action to combat the worsening climate crisis.

Key Highlights

Record-Breaking Temperatures

• Mean Temperature in 2024: Global average temperature reached 15.1°C, the highest in recorded history since 1850.
• Above Pre-Industrial Levels: The temperature was 1.6°C higher than the 1850-1900 pre-industrial baseline.
• 10 Warmest Years: All years from 2015 to 2024 are now the warmest on record.

Monthly Temperature Data

• For 11 months in 2024, global temperatures exceeded the 1.5°C mark above pre-industrial levels.
• The average global temperature in 2024 was 0.12°C higher than 2023, the previous warmest year.

Contributing Factors

El Niño Effect

• The El Niño phenomenon, beginning in mid-2023, significantly increased global temperatures in 2024.
• El Niño causes the Central Equatorial Pacific to warm, influencing global weather patterns.

Sea Surface Temperatures (SST)

• The average sea surface temperature in 2024 was 20.87°C, a record high and 0.51°C above the 1991-2020 average.
• SSTs were exceptionally high from January to June, setting a record, while July to December saw the second-highest SST levels after 2023.

Implications

Environmental and Human Impact

• Crossing the 1.5°C mark increases risks to ecosystems, biodiversity, and vulnerable populations.
• Frequent climate disasters are already affecting developing countries.

Failure of Global Climate Action

• The recent COP29 climate summit in Baku failed to secure a financial package for reducing emissions.
• This lack of consensus could strain developing nations, as they struggle to fund mitigation and disaster response efforts.

Expert Opinions

• On 1.5°C Breach: Experts warn that while one year above 1.5°C does not signify permanent global warming, it indicates we are approaching dangerous thresholds.
• On Future Warming: Without drastic emission cuts, the world is on track to exceed 2°C warming by 2050, leading to irreversible consequences.

Conclusion

The breach of the 1.5°C threshold in 2024 is a wake-up call for global leaders to act decisively. Urgent and meaningful climate action is essential to mitigate long-term risks and safeguard ecosystems and economies.

Practice Question:

1. With reference to the Paris Agreement and the 1.5°C global warming target, consider the following statements:

1. The goal of limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels was introduced in the Paris Agreement.
2. Achieving the 1.5°C target requires global net-zero emissions by 2050.
3. The Paris Agreement legally binds countries to specific emissions reduction targets.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. 1 and 2 only
   B. 2 and 3 only
             C. 1 and 3 only
             D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: A

Explanation:

• The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, emphasizes efforts to limit global warming to well below 2°C and to pursue efforts to restrict it to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
• Scientific studies, including those from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), highlight that achieving the 1.5°C target requires global net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by around 2050.
• While the Paris Agreement is legally binding in terms of requiring countries to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and report on progress, it does not legally bind them to achieve specific emission reduction targets.

NATO MEMBERS’ RELUCTANCE TO ENDORSE TRUMP’S DEFENCE SPENDING PROPOSAL

TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU

Donald Trump’s proposal to raise NATO members’ defence spending to 5% of GDP has stirred debates over its feasibility, as many countries already struggle to meet the current 2% target. The push reflects growing security concerns, especially over Russia’s actions in Ukraine.

Key Aspects of the Proposal

• Trump’s Defence Spending Proposal: Proposed increasing NATO members’ defence spending to 5% of GDP. Current target is 2%, which no member, including the U.S., fully meets.
• Political and Economic Challenges: NATO leaders agree on the need for higher spending but view 5% as unrealistic. Achieving this would require hundreds of billions of dollars, straining national budgets.
• Revised Target: NATO is expected to announce a new spending goal at the upcoming summit in The Hague. The target is likely to be set at 3% of GDP, which still poses challenges for many nations.

Reasons for Increased Defence Spending

• Security Concerns: Escalating threats, especially Russia’s aggression in Ukraine, drive the need for stronger defences. Focus on reducing NATO’s reliance on the U.S. for security.
• Strengthening European Defence: Proposals for joint EU borrowing to boost military capacity. Aim to increase Europe’s self-reliance in addressing security challenges.

European Perspectives on the Proposal

• Agreement on the Need for Spending: European nations acknowledge the importance of higher defence budgets. Support efforts to strengthen collective security.
• Advocacy for Self-Reliance: Push for Europe to enhance its independent defence capabilities. Balance between NATO commitments and regional defence autonomy.

Conclusion

While Trump’s 5% GDP defence spending proposal faces resistance due to economic and political limitations, it highlights the need for NATO to adapt to emerging security threats. A likely compromise of 3% spending reflects a step toward addressing these challenges while recognizing financial constraints.

Practice Question:

With reference to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), consider the following statements:

1. NATO was established in 1949 as a collective defense alliance.
2. All NATO decisions, including the admission of new members, are made by majority voting among member states.
3. Finland is the most recent country to join NATO.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. 1 and 2 only
   B. 1 and 3 only
   C. 2 and 3 only
   D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: B

Explanation:

• NATO was established in 1949 through the Washington Treaty, with the primary objective of ensuring collective defence and mutual security among its member states.
• NATO decisions, including the admission of new members, are made by consensus, not majority voting. All member states must agree unanimously.
• Finland became the most recent member of NATO, officially joining on April 4, 2023.

REPUBLIC DAY INVITATION SHOWCASING SOUTHERN INDIA’S CRAFTS

TOPIC: (GS1) INDIAN CULTURE: THE HINDU

To celebrate 75 years of India as a Republic, President Draupadi Murmu curated a unique Republic Day invitation box. It highlights the diverse crafts of five southern states, reflecting India’s rich cultural legacy.

Highlighted Crafts

Kalamkari Paintings (Andhra Pradesh)

A traditional hand-painted or block-printed textile art.

Known for depicting mythological stories and nature-inspired designs.

Creation Process:

• Crafted by skilled Nimmalakunta artisans using natural dyes.
• The work involves a detailed, labor-intensive technique.

Ikat-Pochampalli Cover (Telangana)

What is Ikat?

A resist-dyeing technique used to produce intricate patterns on fabric.

Pochampalli Weaving:

• Bright, geometric patterns are the hallmark of this tradition.
• Known for its durability, the fabric is eco-friendly and reusable.

Ganjifa Art Magnet (Karnataka)

What is Ganjifa Art?

• Originates from Mysore, inspired by traditional playing cards.
• Features vibrant designs with cultural and mythological themes.

Craftsmanship: Entirely hand-painted by artisans, showcasing Karnataka’s artistic heritage.

Kanjeevaram Silk Pouch (Tamil Nadu)

What is Kanjeevaram Silk? Traditional silk known for its bright colours and rich textures.

Features:

• Woven using mulberry silk and gold zari threads.
• Represents Tamil Nadu’s renowned craftsmanship.

Etikopakka Wooden Dolls (Andhra Pradesh)

What are Etikopakka Dolls?

• Eco-friendly toys made from softwood and natural lacquer.
• Handcrafted with intricate designs, they are safe for children.

Screwpine Leaf Bookmark (Kerala)

• Material: Crafted from screwpine leaves, which are dried, sliced, and woven.
• Eco-Friendly Craft: Durable and sustainable, reflecting Kerala’s tradition of natural fiber weaving.

Conclusion

The invitation box curated by President Murmu emphasizes India’s exceptional cultural diversity and the artistic brilliance of its southern states, promoting heritage and sustainability.

Practice Question:

With reference to the Geographical Indications (GI) tags in India, consider the following statements:

1. Geographical Indications (GI) tags are given to products that originate from a specific region and possess qualities unique to that region.
2. Only agricultural products can receive a GI tag in India.
3. The process of granting GI tags is regulated by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. 1 only
   B. 1 and 3 only
   C. 2 and 3 only
   D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: B

Explanation:

• GI tags are granted to products that have unique qualities, reputation, or characteristics attributable to their geographical origin.
• GI tags can be granted not only to agricultural products but also to handicrafts, textiles, and food items that are linked to a specific region.
• The process of granting GI tags in India is governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, which provides a legal framework for the protection of GIs.

INDIA’S JOURNEY TOWARDS MILITARY AI INTEGRATION

TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU

India is making significant efforts to integrate artificial intelligence (AI) into its military systems to enhance capabilities and modernize its defence sector. Despite progress, challenges such as policy gaps, infrastructure issues, and inter-service silos hinder its potential.

Key Highlights of India’s Military AI Development

AI Integration in India’s Defence Systems

• The 2023 defence budget allocated ₹6.21 lakh crore, emphasizing modernization and AI integration.
• Systems like the Indrajaal autonomous drone security system have been developed.
• Global tech giants like Microsoft have invested in India’s AI ecosystem, with $3 billion committed to data centers in Telangana.

Government Vision for AI in Defence

• Defence Minister Rajnath Singh highlighted AI’s transformative role in military operations, including predictive analytics and autonomous systems.
• Agencies such as the Defence Artificial Intelligence Council (DAIC) and Defence AI Project Agency (DAIPA) are tasked with steering AI initiatives.

Challenges in AI Implementation

• Infrastructure and Resources: High Costs: Data centers for AI are expensive to set up and maintain. Legacy Systems: Upgrading older military hardware diverts funds needed for AI initiatives.
• Policy Gaps: India’s National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence lacks detailed mechanisms for deployment.
• Documents like Responsible AI for All focus on general principles but offer limited military-specific guidelines.
• Fragmentation Across Armed Forces: The siloed nature of the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force creates challenges for interoperability and joint operations.
• Reliance on Public Sector Units (PSUs): Over-reliance on PSUs has limited innovation and scale. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) and promoting private sector competition are essential to accelerate AI adoption.

Global Context and Need for Strategic Clarity

• International Progress: Countries like Israel and China are rapidly advancing military AI technologies, leaving India behind.
• Mixed Sentiments: Concerns about AI’s potential dangers, likened to nuclear weapons, create hesitation in rolling out AI systems quickly.
• The Prime Minister’s caution at the 2023 GPAI summit highlighted the need for careful implementation.

Way Forward

• Strategic Alignment: Develop cohesive policies and frameworks for AI deployment.
• Collaboration: Encourage PPPs and international partnerships to boost innovation.
• Address Silos: Foster interoperability among armed forces for effective AI integration.
• Focus on Private Sector: Reduce dependency on PSUs and leverage private startups for cutting-edge solutions.

Conclusion:

With a clear vision, robust policies, and systemic changes, India can unlock the full potential of AI for its defence ecosystem.

FORGING LEADERSHIP WITH INDIA’S YOUTH POWER

TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU

National Youth Festival, celebrated annually on Swami Vivekananda’s birth anniversary (January 12), underscores the critical role of youth in shaping India’s future. The Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue engages young minds to contribute to the nation’s journey toward a developed India (Viksit Bharat).

Key Initiatives for Youth Engagement

• Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue: A platform for youth to discuss, innovate, and find solutions for India’s challenges. Encourages critical thinking and proactive contributions to national development.

Multi-Stage Competition Structure

• Stage 1: Digital quiz on India’s achievements and goals, focusing on sustainable development, technology, and policies.
• Stage 2: Essay and blog writing on themes like “Tech for Viksit Bharat” and “Empowering Youth,” assessed for originality.
• Stage 3: Vision pitch decks presented at the state level, showcasing innovative development ideas.
• Stage 4: National Championship in New Delhi, where finalists present solutions directly to the Prime Minister.

Features of the 2025 National Youth Festival

• Theme: Youth for Sustainable Development: Emphasizes the role of youth in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Incorporates workshops and discussions on innovation, leadership, and digital entrepreneurship.
• Virtual Participation: Enables youth from remote areas to participate through digital platforms. Ensures inclusivity and broader engagement across the nation.
• Cultural Celebrations: Showcases India’s cultural heritage through music, dance, theatre, and folk art. Encourages creative expression and appreciation of India’s diversity.
• Tech and Innovation Showcases: Highlights young innovators addressing real-world challenges in health, education, agriculture, and urban development.
• Leadership Engagement: Facilitates interactions between youth and leaders from government, business, and academia. Provides insights into governance, leadership, and nation-building.

Role of Mera Yuva Bharat (MY Bharat)

• Empowering Youth: Provides resources, mentorship, and opportunities to nurture leadership and innovation.
• Digital Integration: Enhances youth participation nationwide through digital platforms.
• Support for Initiatives: Encourages youth-led solutions for social and technological challenges.

Conclusion

India’s youth are central to its transformation into a developed nation. Initiatives like the National Youth Festival and Viksit Bharat Dialogue empower young minds, echoing Swami Vivekananda’s belief in their boundless potential. With their energy and innovation, India’s future is set to shine brightly.

UNPRECEDENTED WINTER WILDFIRES IN LOS ANGELES

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT: THE HINDU

Los Angeles is facing unprecedented winter wildfires, causing immense destruction due to unusual weather patterns and the impacts of climate change. This highlights the growing need for better preparedness and mitigation strategies to address wildfire risks.

What Are Wildfires?

• Uncontrolled fires that rapidly spread through forests, grasslands, or urban areas.
• Natural occurrences, but their frequency and intensity are increasing due to human activities and climate change.

The Wildfire Crisis in Los Angeles

• Current Impact: Fires have claimed 10 lives and forced over 130,000 people to evacuate. Numerous properties, including celebrity homes, have been destroyed. Disruptions include delays in major events like the Oscars nominations.
• Unusual Weather Patterns: Recent years saw extreme weather, including wet winters in 2022-23, which encouraged vegetation growth. A dry winter in 2025 turned this vegetation into flammable fuel. Negligible rainfall since October 2024 has made it the driest season since 1944.
• Role of Santa Ana Winds: Strong seasonal winds originating from high-pressure systems in the Great Basin. These winds become hotter and drier as they descend, fueling wildfires and spreading flames quickly.

Role of Climate Change

• Worsening Conditions: Climate change has led to warmer temperatures, earlier snow melts, and prolonged dry seasons. These factors increase stress on vegetation, making it more prone to catching fire.
• Longer and Intense Fire Seasons: Studies indicate that California’s wildfire season is now more extended and severe than in the past.

Measures to Mitigate Wildfires

• Enhanced Fire Management: Use technologies like drones, fire-retardant chemicals, and satellite monitoring for early detection and response.
• Vegetation Control: Implement controlled burns, remove dry vegetation, and maintain firebreaks to limit fire spread.
• Addressing Climate Change: Reduce carbon emissions, adopt renewable energy, and implement policies to tackle climate change.
• Public Awareness: Educate communities on fire prevention, evacuation plans, and responsible activities during dry seasons.
• Stronger Regulations: Enforce building codes, land-use restrictions, and regulations to minimize fire ignition risks.

Conclusion

The winter wildfires in Los Angeles are a result of extreme weather, strong winds, and climate change. Effective measures like fire management, public awareness, and climate action are crucial to reduce future risks and enhance preparedness.

TIGER DISPERSAL IN INDIA – CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT: INDIAN EXPRESS

The growing instances of tiger dispersal across India underline key challenges and opportunities for conservation. Understanding their movement patterns is essential to ensure their survival and manage human-wildlife interactions.

Why Tigers Disperse

• Territory and Mating Needs: Male tigers seek large territories overlapping with female ranges. Dispersal occurs when forest capacity is exceeded or due to fights with dominant males.
• Female Tigers: Tigresses disperse less often but may move to protect their cubs or find new territories.
• Relocation Behaviour: Tigers relocated for population management often attempt to return to their original habitats, as seen in cases in Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.

Documented Long-Distance Dispersal

• Recorded Movements: A male tiger from Maharashtra travelled 2,000 km across four states. A tigress covered 340 km to Uttar Pradesh.
• Movement Patterns: Male tigers typically travel longer distances (up to 650 km), while females cover shorter ranges.

Challenges Faced During Dispersal

• Navigating Fragmented Landscapes: Tigers traverse highways, railways, and human settlements while remaining undetected.
• Human-Wildlife Conflict: Dispersal through populated areas increases the risk of conflict and poses danger to both tigers and humans.
• Mortality Risks: Deaths often occur due to exhaustion, starvation, or accidents during long dispersals.

Ecological Importance of Tiger Dispersal

• Enhancing Genetic Diversity: Dispersal ensures gene flow, strengthening isolated tiger populations.
• Identifying Corridors: Movement routes reveal opportunities to create protected corridors and restore degraded habitats.

Conclusion

Tiger dispersals are a natural behaviour with ecological significance, but they also highlight the need for better conservation strategies to reduce conflicts, protect corridors, and ensure safe habitats for these iconic animals.

EBOLA VIRUS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TREATMENT

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: INDIAN EXPRESS

Ebola is a severe viral disease primarily found in sub-Saharan Africa, and its recent treatment advancements show promise in combating the virus. Researchers have now developed nanobody-based inhibitors targeting the Ebola virus.

About Ebola Virus

• Ebola is a deadly disease caused by the ebolavirus group, first identified in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
• It gets its name from the Ebola River, near where the first cases were reported.
• The virus affects humans and other primates like gorillas, chimpanzees, and monkeys.

Transmission of Ebola

• Natural hosts: Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are believed to be the natural hosts of the virus.
• Zoonotic transmission: Humans contract Ebola through direct contact with infected animals’ bodily fluids (blood, secretions, etc.), such as fruit bats, primates, or antelopes.
• Human-to-human spread: The virus is transmitted through contact with the body fluids of infected individuals, whether sick or deceased.

Symptoms of Ebola

• Incubation period: Symptoms typically emerge 2-21 days after exposure.
• Key symptoms: Fever, diarrhea, vomiting, bleeding, and often, death.
• Fatality rate: On average, Ebola has a 50% fatality rate, although this can vary.

Treatment and Research

• Current treatments: There is no known cure for Ebola, but experimental treatments like monoclonal antibodies (e.g., Inmazeb, Ebanga) have shown potential.
• Recovery factors: Recovery depends on the level of virus exposure, the patient’s immune response, and early treatment.
• Supportive care: Treatment mainly focuses on maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and using blood products to control bleeding.

Recent Advances

• Researchers have recently developed nanobody-based inhibitors, a promising treatment approach targeting the Ebola virus for better management and future prevention.

This concise summary emphasizes the vital aspects of Ebola, its transmission, symptoms, and ongoing treatment innovations.