13-March-2025-Daily-Current-Affairs

THE DANGEROUS ILLUSION OF DEVELOPMENT RANKINGS

TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU

Recent wildfires in California have highlighted the environmental costs of high-income countries’ development models. This raise concerns over global development rankings, like the Human Development Index (HDI), which ignore ecological sustainability.

Environmental Sustainability

• Environmental sustainability refers to the responsible use of natural resources to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• It focuses on maintaining ecological balance, reducing pollution, and promoting sustainable development.

Features:

• Resource Conservation: Using renewable resources efficiently and reducing the depletion of non-renewable resources.
• Pollution Control: Minimizing air, water, and soil pollution through eco-friendly practices and sustainable technologies.
• Biodiversity Protection: Preserving natural ecosystems, protecting wildlife, and promoting reforestation for a healthier environment.

Flaws in Development Rankings

• The HDI measures life expectancy, education, and income but does not consider environmental impact.
• Nations like Norway, Switzerland, and Ireland rank high on HDI but consume excessive resources and contribute significantly to pollution.
• If every country followed their model, Earth’s resources would be exhausted.

Environmental Overshoot by High-Income Nations

• Wealthy nations have surpassed planetary limits in carbon emissions, pollution, and ecological destruction.
• The UN introduced the Planetary Pressures-adjusted HDI (PHDI) in 2020 to adjust scores based on environmental impact.
• However, the PHDI still ranks countries relatively rather than measuring against absolute ecological limits.
• Nordic nations consume resources equivalent to five Earths per capita, yet they score well because others perform worse.
• This creates an illusion of sustainable progress rather than addressing real environmental concerns.

Middle-Income Countries as Better Models

• Countries like Costa Rica and Sri Lanka demonstrate that good living standards can be achieved with lower ecological footprints.
• Costa Rica’s success:  High life expectancy, universal healthcare, and literacy. Investments in renewable energy and forest conservation. Balanced human development with environmental protection.
• Sri Lanka’s mixed performance:  High HDI in South Asia, universal education, and healthcare. However, economic crises and political instability have slowed progress. Ethnic conflicts and majoritarian policies have caused setbacks.

The Need for an Alternative Development Path for India

• India cannot afford to follow high-consumption models of affluent nations.
• Adopting sustainable pathways like Costa Rica can balance development and environmental protection.
• Redefining progress should focus on social well-being within ecological limits.
• True development should ensure dignity, equity, and sustainability for all citizens.

Human Development Index (HDI)

• Definition & Purpose – HDI is a global ranking system developed by the UNDP to measure a country’s overall human development based on health, education, and income.
• Key Indicators – It considers life expectancy (health), mean & expected years of schooling (education), and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (standard of living).
• Ranking & Comparison – Countries are ranked on a scale from 0 to 1, where a higher score indicates better human development, helping compare global living standards and policy effectiveness.

Conclusion

India and other developing nations need to rethink development beyond GDP and HDI rankings. A sustainable, just, and eco-friendly model is essential for long-term survival.

CEASEFIRE IN RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR

TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE HINDU

Ukraine has agreed to a 30-day interim ceasefire with Russia, which could be extended. This decision, announced after U.S.-Ukraine talks in Jeddah, signals a possible shift in the three-year-long war.

Ukraine’s Shift in Strategy

• Initially, Ukraine opposed a ceasefire, fearing Russia would use the pause to rearm.
• Kyiv had earlier demanded full Russian withdrawal, including Crimea, before considering talks.
• Later, Ukraine proposed freezing the conflict along the current frontlines in exchange for NATO membership.
• The demand then shifted to security guarantees from the West.
• The U.S. pressured Ukraine by halting military aid and intelligence support.
• In Jeddah, under U.S. influence, Ukraine agreed to a ceasefire and signed a mineral deal to boost its economy.

Challenges

• The ceasefire proposal now depends on Russia’s response.
• U.S. officials will visit Moscow to discuss the next course of action.
• If Russia agrees, direct peace talks between Moscow and Kyiv could follow.

• Russia attacked Ukraine’s energy infrastructure with missile strikes. Ukraine launched drone attacks on Russia, including Moscow.

• Russia is also making military advances in the Kursk region.

Why Russia Should Consider Peace

• The U.S. has conceded some Russian demands, such as ruling out NATO membership for Ukraine.
• The war has caused massive human and economic losses for both countries.
• Russia faces economic sanctions and deteriorating ties with Europe.
• Ending the war could help restore Russia’s economy and global relations.

Conclusion

The ceasefire presents a crucial chance for Russia to negotiate a lasting peace. Rather than prolonging the devastating war, Moscow should engage in direct talks with Ukraine.

Practice Question

Which of the following countries share a land border with Ukraine?

1. Poland
2. Romania
3. Belarus
4. Moldova
5. Austria

Select the correct answer using the code below:

1. 1, 2, 3, and 4 only
2. 1, 3, and 5 only
3. 2, 3, 4, and 5 only
4. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

Answer: A

Explanation:

Ukraine shares its land borders with Poland, Romania, Belarus, Moldova, Russia, Slovakia, and Hungary. Austria does not share a border with Ukraine.

MEETING BETWEEN CENTRAL OFFICIALS AND KUKI-ZO, MEITEI GROUPS IN MANIPUR

TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU

The ongoing ethnic tensions in Manipur have led to blockades on key highways and a shutdown in certain areas. The Indian government held discussions with both Kuki-Zo and Meitei groups to find a way forward.

Government’s Efforts for Peace

• Central officials, including A.K. Mishra, Adviser for Northeast, met with representatives from Kuki-Zo groups.
• The meeting, held in Churachandpur, focused on the March 8 violence and other region-specific concerns.
• The Union government shared a 13-point action plan aimed at restoring peace.
• Despite a three-hour discussion, no conclusive decision was reached.
• Officials also met Meitei civil society groups in Imphal to discuss the roadmap for peace.

Shutdowns in Different Areas

• Kangpokpi, the epicenter of the violence, observed a total shutdown.
• Other Kuki-Zo areas saw partial closures in protest.
• Meitei-dominated valley regions remained largely unaffected.

Key Issues Raised by Kuki-Zo Groups

• Kuki-Zo groups opposed the free movement of vehicles on National Highways.
• The protesters remained firm on their demands, and no agreements were reached.

Highway Blockades and Their Impact

• Disruption of Transportation: Blockades on highways hinder the movement of goods and passengers, affecting daily life and economic activities.
• Shortage of Essential Supplies: Prolonged blockades can lead to scarcity of food, fuel, and medicines, impacting public well-being.
• Economic Losses: Industries and businesses suffer due to delayed transportation of raw materials and finished goods, leading to financial setbacks.
• Public Inconvenience: People face difficulties in commuting, especially those requiring medical assistance or urgent travel.
• Security and Law & Order Issues: Road blockades often escalate into law-and-order challenges, requiring intervention from security forces.

Way Forward for the Kuki-Zo Conflict

• Dialogue and Reconciliation: Initiate inclusive peace talks involving Kuki-Zo and Meitei representatives, along with government mediators.
• Security and Governance Measures: Strengthen law enforcement to prevent further violence and ensure safety for all communities.
• Development and Rehabilitation: Provide economic aid, education, and employment opportunities to improve living conditions.

KUKI-MEITEI CONFLICT:

Ethnic Tensions – The conflict between the Meitei (majority community in the Imphal Valley) and the Kuki-Zomi tribes (hill communities) in Manipur is rooted in historical, political, and economic differences.

ST Status Demand – The Meitei community’s demand for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status led to opposition from the Kuki-Zomi tribes, fearing loss of their land rights and political representation.

Land and Identity Issues – The Kukis allege forced evictions and discrimination, while Meiteis express concerns about illegal immigration and demographic changes in the state.

Violence and Displacement – Clashes in 2023 resulted in loss of lives, destruction of property, and mass displacement, worsening the ethnic divide and leading to prolonged unrest.

Conclusion

While dialogue between the government and ethnic groups continues, the situation remains tense. No immediate resolution has been reached, and further discussions will be needed to restore normalcy.

PM MODI ADVOCATES FOR A ‘FREE, OPEN, AND SAFE’ INDIAN OCEAN

TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE HINDU

Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized the need for a secure and open Indian Ocean while reaffirming India’s commitment to Mauritius’ security, development, and sovereignty.

India’s Commitment to Mauritius’ Security

• PM Modi assured India’s full support in protecting Mauritius’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
• He emphasized India’s role in enhancing maritime security through partnerships such as:
  • Colombo Security Conclave
  • Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)
  • Indian Ocean Conference
• India will assist Mauritius in establishing a Police Academy and a National Maritime Information Sharing Centre to boost security.

Chagos Islands Dispute and India’s Support

• The Chagos Islands dispute involves a sovereignty conflict between Mauritius and the UK.
• A deal signed on October 3, 2024, allows the UK to relinquish control over Chagos, while maintaining a 99-year lease on the Diego Garcia military base.
• India has pledged to advocate for Mauritius’ interests on this issue through international platforms.

Strengthening India-Mauritius Cultural and Economic Relations

• PM Modi announced that Mauritian travellers will receive assistance for pilgrimage tours, including:  Char Dham Yatra, Ramayana Trail
• India has launched new development projects worth Mauritian Rupee 500 million to boost infrastructure and cooperation.

Agreement on National Currencies

• India and Mauritius signed an agreement to enhance trade using local currencies.

• Promoting the use of Indian Rupee (INR) and Mauritian Rupee for trade.
• Encouraging direct exchange rate quotations between the two currencies.
• Establishing an Indian Rupee Clearing Centre in Mauritius.
• Expanding the clearing system to COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa) countries.

PM Modi Honoured in Mauritius

• PM Modi was awarded the Grand Commander of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean, the highest civilian honour of Mauritius.

BRIEF HISTORY OF CHAGOS ISLANDS

Colonial Control (18th-20th Century)

• Originally inhabited by indigenous people and slaves under French colonial rule (18th century).
• Transferred to British control in 1814 under the Treaty of Paris.
• Detachment from Mauritius (1965)
• The UK separated Chagos from Mauritius before granting Mauritius independence in 1968.
• Created the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), despite protests from Mauritius.
• Forced Expulsion & Military Base (1960s-70s)
• The UK forcibly evicted over 1,500 Chagossians to allow the US to establish a military base on Diego Garcia.
• The island remains a strategic military hub for the US and UK.
• Sovereignty Dispute & Legal Battles
• Mauritius claims historical and legal rights over Chagos, backed by UN and ICJ rulings.
• In 2019, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that UK should return Chagos to Mauritius, but the UK has yet to comply fully.

  India’s Commitment to Protect the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)

  • Strategic Initiatives & Maritime Security: India promotes “SAGAR” (Security and Growth for All in the Region) to ensure regional stability. Strengthens naval presence and surveillance through the Indian Navy and Coast Guard.
  • International Collaborations & Alliances: Supports regional nations with military training, intelligence sharing, and technology assistance.
  • Countering External Influence & Threats: Monitors Chinese activities, piracy, illegal fishing, and smuggling in the Indian Ocean. Enhances defence partnerships with Indian Ocean nations to counter geopolitical threats.

  Conclusion

  India and Mauritius are deepening their strategic, economic, and cultural ties, with India supporting Mauritius on key issues like maritime security, trade, and the Chagos Islands dispute.

  Practice Question:

  1. Arrange the following island nations in the Indian Ocean from North to South:
  1. Maldives
  2. Seychelles
  3. Mauritius
  4. Madagascar

  Select the correct order:

  1. 1 – 2 – 3 – 4
  2. 2 – 1 – 3 – 4
  3. 1 – 3 – 2 – 4
  4. 3 – 1 – 2 – 4

  Answer: A

  Explanation:

  From North to South, the correct order of island nations in the Indian Ocean is:

  • Maldives (Closest to India, near the equator)
  • Seychelles (Located northeast of Madagascar)
  • Mauritius (East of Madagascar, further south of Seychelles)
  • Madagascar (Largest island nation in the Indian Ocean, positioned the farthest south)

  

  INDIA’S ROLE AS A GLOBAL PEACEKEEPER

  TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE HINDU

  India has the potential to enhance its global leadership by actively participating in peacekeeping efforts, particularly in the Ukraine conflict. This could strengthen India’s diplomatic influence, boost its role in the Global South, and support its aspirations for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.

  India’s Peacekeeping Initiative

  • India is considering sending peacekeeping forces to Ukraine post-ceasefire for humanitarian aid and border monitoring.
  • The mission would operate under a UN mandate or a coalition framework to ensure credibility.
  • It aims to reinforce India’s diplomatic influence and support its bid for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.

  Strategic Importance

  • Neutrality & Global Role: India can balance relations between Russia, Ukraine, and the West while asserting its role as a global stabilizer.
  • Past Contributions: India has a strong record in peacekeeping missions in Congo, Sudan, and Lebanon, showcasing its experience.
  • Non-NATO Effort: Positioning the initiative as a neutral, non-NATO peacekeeping mission can gain Russian acceptance while securing European financial support.

  Steps for Implementation

  • Initially send small contingents for civilian protection and ceasefire monitoring.
  • Use modern technology like drones and surveillance systems for effective peacekeeping.
  • Seek backing from the UN and international partners to ensure success.
  • Establish cooperation with European nations and financial contributors.

  Long-term Impact on India’s Global Standing

  • By 2026, India could emerge as a major stabilizing force in global affairs.
  • Strengthening its image as a peacebuilder would support its UN Security Council bid.
  • European nations may extend financial and diplomatic support in appreciation of India’s role.
  • Russia may continue oil trade, seeing India as a neutral and balanced power.
  • The U.S. could recognize India’s leadership, further boosting bilateral ties.

  India as a Leader of the Global South

  • India’s involvement would bridge the gap between developed nations and the Global South.
  • Unlike past interventions by powerful nations, India’s actions would be seen as a genuine commitment to peace.

  Diplomatic Transformation and Future Outlook

  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s leadership could shift from high-profile diplomacy to a more stable and influential global role.
  • This initiative would establish India as a decisive power in shaping a multipolar world order.

  WHAT IS THE GLOBAL SOUTH?

  The term Global South refers to developing and underdeveloped countries primarily located in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. These nations often share economic, political, and social challenges such as poverty, inequality, and limited industrialization.

  Key Characteristics of the Global South:

  Developing Economies:

  • Countries with lower income levels and dependence on agriculture and resource exports.
  • Limited access to advanced technology and industrial growth.

  Common Challenges:

  • High poverty and inequality.
  • Political instability and governance issues.
  • Limited access to healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
  • Vulnerability to climate change and resource exploitation.

  Rising Influence in Global Affairs:

  • Countries like India, Brazil, and South Africa are emerging as leaders in representing Global South interests.
  • Organizations like BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) and the G77 advocate for their economic and political rights.

  India’s Recent Efforts for the Global South

  • Voice of Global South Summit & G20 Presidency: India hosted the Voice of Global South Summit (2023), highlighting issues like climate justice and debt relief, and pushed for African Union’s inclusion in G20 during its presidency.
  • Climate & Development Advocacy: India promoted climate finance, sustainable living (LiFE initiative), and the Loss and Damage Fund to support developing nations. It also provided vaccines and humanitarian aid to countries in need.
  • Reforming Global Governance: India has strongly advocated for UN Security Council reforms, ensuring a multipolar world where the Global South has a stronger voice in global decision-making.

  Conclusion

  India has a historic opportunity to reshape its global diplomatic role by contributing to peacekeeping in Ukraine. This initiative would strengthen India’s moral standing, enhance international partnerships, and reinforce its role as a global stabilizer.

  PM VIKAS: EMPOWERING MINORITY COMMUNITIES

  TOPIC: (GS2) SOCIETY: THE HINDU

  The Ministry of Minority Affairs has introduced the Pradhan Mantri Virasat Ka Samvardhan (PM VIKAS) scheme to enhance the livelihood opportunities of six notified minority communities through skill training, entrepreneurship, and education support.

  About PM VIKAS

  Flagship Initiative for Minority Upliftment

  • PM VIKAS is a central government scheme aimed at empowering six notified minority groups.
  • The initiative provides economic and social support to help minorities integrate into mainstream development.

  Integration of Five Previous Schemes

  The scheme merges five earlier programs:

  • Seekho Aur Kamao – Skill training and employment support.
  • Nai Manzil – Education for school dropouts.
  • Nai Roshni – Leadership training for minority women.
  • Hamari Dharohar – Preservation of minority heritage and culture.
  • USTTAD – Support for traditional artisans and craftsmen.

  Key Focus Areas

  • Skill Development: Training in various trades for employment opportunities.
  • Entrepreneurship: Financial aid and mentoring for small businesses.
  • Education Support: Helping school dropouts complete their education.
  • Women Empowerment: Leadership and self-employment programs for minority women.

  Awareness and Public Engagement

  • Awareness is spread through radio, newspapers, digital campaigns, and multilingual pamphlets.
  • Events like Hunar Haats (artisan fairs) and Lok Samvardhan Parvs are organized to promote cultural and economic participation.

  Social and Economic Inclusion

  • The scheme ensures equal opportunities for minorities in education, business, and employment.
  • It supports traditional crafts and enhances livelihood prospects for artisans.

  Conclusion

  PM VIKAS is a comprehensive program aimed at improving the economic well-being of minority communities through skill-building, business support, and cultural preservation. By integrating previous schemes, it provides holistic development opportunities for marginalized groups.

  AI CHATBOT TO SUPPORT VICTIMS OF DIGITAL SEXUAL VIOLENCE

  TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: INDIAN EXPRESS

  An AI-powered chatbot, OlimpIA, was launched to help victims of online sexual violence by offering legal guidance and emotional support. It was developed in Mexico based on the experiences of two women from Mexico and Ecuador who struggled to get justice.

  About OlimpIA

  Purpose and Functionality

  • OlimpIA is a digital assistant designed to support victims of online sexual abuse.
  • It provides legal advice, emotional counseling, and connects victims with law enforcement.

  Development and Accessibility

  • Created in Mexico in partnership with AuraChat.Ai, a technology company.
  • Available through WhatsApp, making it easily accessible.
  • Supports communication in multiple languages, allowing victims from different regions to seek help.

  Inspiration Behind the Chatbot

  • Inspired by the struggles of two women from Mexico and Ecuador who faced digital sexual violence.
  • The chatbot was designed to help others navigate similar challenges.

  Growing Reach and Impact

  • Launched in September, OlimpIA started with 100 consultations per month, which has now increased to over 1,300.
  • Works to connect survivors with authorities, reducing their risk of further harm.

  Conclusion

  OlimpIA is a significant step in using AI to fight digital sexual violence. By providing legal assistance, emotional support, and connections to law enforcement, it empowers victims worldwide and promotes justice in the digital space.

  PRATIBIMB MODULE AND INDIAN CYBER CRIME COORDINATION CENTRE (I4C)

  TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: INDIAN EXPRESS

  The Pratibimb Module has played a key role in cybercrime investigations, leading to 6,046 arrests, 17,185 criminal linkages, and 36,296 cyber investigation assistance requests, as reported in the Lok Sabha recently.

  About Pratibimb Module

  • What is it? – A GIS-based software developed by the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) under the Union Home Ministry.
  • Purpose – Helps law enforcement agencies track cybercriminals in real time and dismantle their networks.

  Key Features:

  • Maps mobile numbers used in cybercrimes across the country.
  • Provides a visual representation on a GIS map for police and service providers.
  • Enhances coordination among law enforcement agencies (LEAs).

  Samanvaya Platform

  • Objective – A cybercrime data-sharing and analytics platform launched by the Home Ministry.
  • Facilitates interstate cooperation for tracking criminals.
  • Provides data-driven insights to help tackle cyber threats.

  Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)

  • Established by – Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
  • Headquarters – New Delhi.
  • Purpose – Strengthening cybercrime investigation and prevention.

  Key Functions of I4C

  • Acts as the central hub for cybercrime enforcement.
  • Supports research and development in cyber forensics and law enforcement technologies.
  • Prevents the misuse of cyberspace by terrorist and extremist groups.
  • Recommends cyber law amendments to keep pace with evolving technology.
  • Facilitates international cooperation through Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs).
  • Promotes public participation through the Cyber Crime Volunteers Program.

  Conclusion

  The Pratibimb Module and I4C initiatives are enhancing India’s cybercrime response by improving coordination, intelligence sharing, and real-time tracking of cybercriminals.