15-March-2025-Daily-Current-Affairs

MODERN-DAY SUMMITRY: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE HINDU

The article discusses how powerful leaders, such as Donald Trump and Narendra Modi, use summit diplomacy to shape global affairs, trade policies, and conflict resolutions. Recent high-profile meetings have highlighted both the strengths and limitations of this approach.

• Summit diplomacy refers to meetings between global leaders to discuss major international issues.
• While such summits can lead to significant agreements, they also risk becoming mere public relations events without real impact.

Understanding Strong Leadership in Diplomacy

• A strong leader wields considerable influence over government policies and political discourse.
• Examples include Donald Trump (USA) and Narendra Modi (India), who use summits to drive political and economic agendas.
• Italian PM Giorgia Meloni views Trump and Modi as key figures in shaping a new conservative movement.

History and Significance of Summit Diplomacy

• The concept dates back to the Congress of Vienna (1814-15), which reshaped Europe post-Napoleonic Wars.
• The Camp David Accords (1978) were a successful instance, leading to peace between Egypt and Israel.
• Reagan-Gorbachev summits helped ease Cold War tensions.
• However, some summits have failed, such as the misjudgment of Iraq’s nuclear capabilities, leading to war.

Recent Trump-Zelenskyy Summit and Its Impact

• On February 28, 2025, Trump and Ukraine’s Volodymyr Zelenskyy engaged in a tense, televised exchange.
• Trump pressured Ukraine to accept a deal, warning of losing U.S. support in the Russia-Ukraine war.
• Zelenskyy offered U.S. mineral rights worth billions in exchange for past military aid.
• This meeting forced Europe to reassess its role in Ukraine’s defense, leading to a hurried London summit.
• The UK PM suggested greater European military involvement, but without a clear strategy.

India-U.S. Summit Diplomacy (Modi-Trump Meeting)

• On February 13, 2025, Modi met Trump in the U.S. to discuss trade and defense cooperation.
• Past trade tensions over Indian tariffs were addressed diplomatically.
• The U.S. pushed for increased defense sales, including a potential F-35 fighter jet deal.
• Modi carefully prepared by consulting business leaders like Elon Musk and U.S. officials.
• The joint statement was vague, with broad promises of cooperation but no major breakthroughs.

Challenges and Future of Summit Diplomacy

• Summits are meant for peace-building and resolving disputes, but many lack thorough preparation.
• In some cases, leaders use summits more for publicity than real progress.
• Despite its shortcomings, summit diplomacy remains vital in today’s complex global landscape.
• As global issues escalate, leaders will increasingly rely on summits to address international crises.

Conclusion

Summit diplomacy plays a key role in global politics, offering opportunities for negotiation and cooperation. However, without proper preparation and strategic intent, summits risk becoming mere political spectacles with limited tangible outcomes.

CLOSURE OF GONDI-MEDIUM SCHOOL: A THREAT TO TRIBAL EDUCATION

TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU

The decision to shut down the Gondi-medium school in a Scheduled Area of Gadchiroli district raises concerns about tribal rights and education. It highlights the challenges faced by Adivasi communities in preserving their language and culture through formal education.

Key Issues Surrounding the Closure

Violation of Constitutional Rights

• Article 29 protects minority languages and cultures.
• Article 350(A) mandates primary education in children’s mother tongue.
• The closure contradicts these provisions by preventing tribal children from learning in their own language.

Government’s Justification for Closure

• The administration cites the lack of registration under the RTE Act.
• Concerns over academic standards and students’ future transitions.
• Authorities claim students will be absorbed into other schools.

Structural Bias Against Tribal Culture

• Non-recognition reflects a systemic bias against Adivasi languages.
• Tribal communities have historically faced socio-political subordination.
• Denying legitimacy to Gondi-medium education marginalizes the Adivasi way of life.

Absorption vs. Preservation

• The state and market forces push for assimilation rather than cultural preservation.
• Religious influences also contribute to the erasure of tribal identity.
• Language plays a crucial role in retaining oral traditions and historical narratives.

The Case of Gondi Language

• Gondi, spoken by over 29 lakh people, is not in the Eighth Schedule.
• Sanskrit, spoken by fewer people, receives state recognition and promotion.
• The absence of Gondi from the Constitution limits efforts for its preservation.

Importance of cultural education:

• Preservation of Indigenous Culture: Tribal language schools help protect and promote indigenous languages, ensuring that traditional knowledge, folklore, and cultural heritage are passed down to future generations.
• Improved Learning Outcomes: Teaching in a child’s native language enhances comprehension, cognitive development, and academic performance, reducing dropout rates among tribal students.
• Empowerment and Social Inclusion: These schools foster a sense of identity and self-confidence in tribal communities, helping them integrate into mainstream society while maintaining their linguistic and cultural uniqueness.

Key Challenges

• Lack of Recognition and Regulation Issues: Many minority and tribal schools struggle to gain official recognition.
• Inadequate Government Support: Limited financial aid and grants for infrastructure, staff salaries, and learning materials. Bureaucratic delays in approving funds and resources.
• Language and Curriculum Barriers: Non-inclusion of tribal and minority languages in the mainstream education system.

Way Forward

• Recognize the Gondi-medium school and establish more such institutions.
• Include Gondi in the Eighth Schedule for better representation.
• Strengthen policies to protect Adivasi languages and cultures.
• Ensure education policies align with constitutional provisions for linguistic minorities.

CONSTITUTIONAL FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ON MINORITY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS Article 29 – Protection of Cultural and Educational Rights Guarantees minorities the right to conserve their distinct language, script, and culture. Prevents discrimination in educational institutions based on religion, race, caste, or language. Article 30 – Right to Establish and Administer Educational Institutions Grants religious and linguistic minorities the right to set up and manage their educational institutions. Ensures that government does not discriminate in granting aid to minority-run institutions. Article 350(A) – Instruction in Mother Tongue Directs the state to provide primary education in the mother tongue of linguistic minorities. Aims to enhance learning outcomes and preserve regional and tribal languages. Article 14 – Right to Equality Ensures equal treatment of all citizens, including minorities, in education policies. Prevents arbitrary government actions against minority institutions. Article 19(1)(g) – Right to Occupation Allows individuals and groups, including minorities, to establish educational institutions as part of their right to practice any profession. Judicial Interpretations T.M.A Pai Foundation Case (2002): Upheld the right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions without excessive government interference. Pramati Educational Trust Case (2014): Clarified that minority institutions are exempt from certain RTE provisions.

Conclusion

The closure of the Gondi-medium school undermines the rights of Adivasi children to learn in their native language. Protecting tribal education is essential for preserving cultural diversity and ensuring inclusive development.

Practice Question:

Consider the following statements regarding Articles 29 and 30 of the Indian Constitution:

1. Article 29 grants the right to minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
2. Article 30 ensures the protection of cultural and educational rights of minorities.
3. Both Articles 29 and 30 apply only to religious minorities.
4. The rights under Article 30 can be exercised only by linguistic minorities.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

1. 1 and 3 only
2. 2 only
3. 2 and 4 only
4. 1, 3, and 4

Answer: B

Explanation:

Article 29 protects the interests of any section of citizens having a distinct language, script, or culture, not just minorities.

Article 30 gives minorities (religious and linguistic) the right to establish and administer educational institutions.

Articles 29 and 30 apply to both religious and linguistic minorities.

Article 30 applies to both religious and linguistic minorities, not just linguistic minorities.

THE GENDER BUDGET – INCREASED ALLOCATION, LIMITED IMPACT

TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU

The gender budget aims to bridge gender disparities through financial allocations in various schemes. Despite a consistent increase in budgetary support, its impact on the lives of marginalized women remains insufficient due to gaps in execution, lack of data, and systemic barriers.

Increased Allocations but Limited Outcomes

• The gender budget has grown over the years:
  • ₹1.71 lakh crore (2022-23)
  • ₹2.38 lakh crore (2023-24)
  • ₹3.27 lakh crore (2024-25)
  • ₹4.49 lakh crore (2025-26)
• The rising allocations highlight the government’s intent to reduce gender disparities.
• However, the economic benefits have not been proportionated, particularly for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) women.
• New schemes such as the Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (₹300 crore) and Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan (₹75 crore) have been launched, but their effectiveness remains uncertain.

Importance of Gender Budget

• Promotes Gender Equality: Helps reduce gender discrimination in jobs, wages, and opportunities. Ensures that government schemes benefit both men and women fairly.Z
• Supports Women’s Economic Growth: Provides funds for women’s education, business, and job training. Increases women’s participation in the workforce, boosting the economy.
• Improves Healthcare and Education: Increases spending on maternal health, nutrition, and childcare. Encourages more girls to attend school by providing scholarships.
• Helps Marginalized Women: Focuses on SC/ST, rural, and tribal women for better opportunities. Supports widows, single mothers, and differently-abled women.
• Encourages Women in Leadership: Allocates funds for women’s leadership and political participation. Strengthens the role of women in Panchayati Raj and governance.
• Reduces Gender-Based Violence: Funds programs for legal help and women’s safety. Supports rehabilitation of women facing domestic violence or trafficking.

Challenges in Implementation

• Lack of Intersectionality:  Gender budgeting does not consider caste, class, and tribal identities adequately. Women from SC/ST communities face multiple layers of discrimination.
• Digital Divide:  Digital literacy remains a challenge, preventing many women from accessing welfare schemes.
• Data Limitations:  The absence of gender-disaggregated data within the Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan (SCSP) and Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) limits targeted interventions.
• Underutilization of Funds: According to the Dalit Adivasi Budget Analysis 2023-24, over 35% of SCSP and TSP funds remain unused.

Way Forward

• Intersectional Budgeting:  Policies should consider caste, class, and tribal identities to ensure equitable benefits.
• Community Participation: Women from marginalized communities must be involved in scheme planning and monitoring. Kerala’s Kudumbashree mission proves that community-led initiatives enhance implementation.
• Strengthening Local Governance:  Panchayati Raj Institutions should be empowered for last-mile service delivery. Preventing the influence of “sarpanch husbands” is essential for true women’s empowerment.
• Transparent Monitoring:  A gender budget tracking portal should be established to enhance public accountability.
• Investing in Digital Literacy:  Training programs must be introduced to help women access digital services effectively.

Conclusion

While the increased gender budget is a positive step, its effectiveness depends on proper execution, addressing intersectional challenges, and ensuring accessibility. Without real reforms, the gender budget will fail to bring meaningful change in the lives of women, especially those from marginalized communities.

APAAR ID AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU

The APAAR ID aims to create a digital repository of students’ academic records, ensuring easy access and verification. However, the manner of its enforcement has raised legal, privacy, and ethical concerns.

Key Features of APAAR ID

• A digital database for students’ academic records.
• Linked with Aadhaar for unique identification.
• Proposed as a voluntary initiative by the Education Ministry.

Benefits of APAAR ID:

• Centralized Academic Records: Stores all educational certificates, marksheets, and achievements Ensures easy access to academic data for students and institutions.
• Reduced Paperwork and Documentation: Eliminates the need for physical copies of certificates. Simplifies student admission and verification processes.
• Improved Transparency and Authenticity: Prevents fraud and fake certificates by maintaining verified academic records. Ensures secure and tamper-proof
• Seamless Transition Between Institutions: Helps students move across schools, colleges, or universities without documentation hassles.
• Digital Accessibility and Convenience: Students can access their records anytime, anywhere using their APAAR ID. Educational institutions can verify student credentials instantly.

Concerns and Challenges

Lack of Legal Backing

• No formal law mandates APAAR, making its enforcement questionable.
• The Supreme Court has ruled that Aadhaar cannot be made mandatory for education.
• Schools are reportedly pressuring parents for 100% enrolment, violating voluntary participation norms.

Risk of Data Misuse and Privacy Issues

• The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, is yet to be fully enforced.
• Risk of unauthorized access, data breaches, and misuse of personal academic records.
• Name mismatches and errors could lead to exclusion from benefits.

Forced Implementation by State Authorities

• Some states like Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka are pushing for 100% enrolment.
• Religious and minority institutions are being pressured, raising concerns over coercion.
• School authorities are threatening consequences for non-registration.

Technological and Operational Challenges

• Dependence on Aadhaar may exclude students with documentation issues.
• Digital infrastructure gaps in rural areas may hinder accessibility.
• Issues with database accuracy and management may create administrative hurdles.

Way Forward

• Legal Clarity and Protection: The government should pass a law defining the scope, purpose, and limitations of APAAR. Clear guidelines should ensure it remains voluntary without indirect compulsion.
• Strengthening Data Security Measures: Robust security mechanisms should be put in place to prevent data leaks and misuse. Independent oversight should be established to regulate data handling.
• Ensuring Informed Consent: Parents and students must be fully informed about APAAR’s purpose and risks.
• Improving Digital Infrastructure: Steps should be taken to bridge the digital divide in rural and underserved areas.

Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023   The DPDP Act, 2023 establishes a legal framework for safeguarding personal data, emphasizing user consent and privacy. It applies to both government and private entities handling digital personal data within India. Key Provisions of the Act Applicability Covers personal data processed digitally in India. Applies to entities outside India if dealing with Indian user data. Rights of Individuals (Data Principals) Right to Consent: Organizations must obtain clear user consent before processing data. Right to Access Information: Individuals can request details about data usage. Right to Correction and Erasure: Users can correct or delete their data. Right to Grievance Redressal: Mechanism for resolving complaints. Obligations of Data Processors Must collect, store, and process data lawfully. Required to inform users about data usage. Implement security safeguards against data breaches. Data Protection Board (DPB) Independent body to oversee compliance and address data breaches. Can impose penalties for violations. Government Exemptions Allows exemptions for national security, law enforcement, and public interest. No restrictions on processing data for public interest matters.

Conclusion

While APAAR ID has the potential to streamline academic record-keeping, its implementation must respect legal norms, privacy rights, and voluntary participation principles. Instead of coercive measures, a balanced approach with legal safeguards and public trust is essential.

DIVIDENDS FROM CPSES SURPASS ESTIMATES

TOPIC: (GS3) ECONOMY: THE HINDU

CPSEs have contributed record dividends in the current financial year, surpassing budget estimates. This revenue is a crucial component of non-tax income and helps address shortfalls in capital receipts.

What are Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs)?

• Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) are government-owned companies in which the Central Government holds a majority stake (51% or more).
• These enterprises operate under the administrative control of different ministries and play a crucial role in India’s economic growth.

DIVIDENDS

A dividend is the portion of a company’s profit that is distributed to its shareholders as a reward for their investment. It is usually paid in cash or additional shares of stock.

Types of Dividends:

• Cash Dividend: The most common form, where shareholders receive direct cash payments.
• Stock Dividend: Instead of cash, shareholders receive additional shares of the company.
• Interim Dividend: Declared and paid before the end of a financial year.
• Final Dividend: Declared at the end of a financial year after company accounts are finalized.
• Special Dividend: A one-time payment due to extraordinary profits or asset sales.

Who Pays Dividends?

• Public and Private Companies: If they make profits and decide to distribute a portion to shareholders.
• Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs): Government-owned companies often pay dividends to the government.

Dividend Surplus from CPSEs

• CPSEs have provided ₹66,000 crore in dividends, exceeding the RE of ₹55,000 crore.
• The amount may rise to ₹67,000 crore by the fiscal year-end.
• This surpasses last year’s CPSE dividends of ₹65,381 crore.

Role in Government Revenue

• CPSE dividends are a key source of non-tax revenue.
• Help offset shortfalls in ‘Miscellaneous Capital Receipts,’ which have reached only ₹8,625 crore against a target of ₹33,000 crore.
• Only 66 CPSEs are listed, ensuring that the government receives the full dividend amount.

Profitability of CPSEs

• Out of 272 operational CPSEs, 212 were profitable in FY24.
• Their net profit rose to ₹3.43 lakh crore, a 48% increase from ₹2.18 lakh crore in FY23.
• Total dividends from CPSEs increased by 16% from ₹1.05 lakh crore in FY23 to ₹1.23 lakh crore in FY24.

Why Are Dividends Important?

• For Investors: Provide a steady income and indicate a company’s financial health.
• For Companies: Attracts investors and enhances stock market reputation.

• For Government: Dividends from CPSEs contribute to non-tax revenue.

Conclusion

The surge in CPSE dividends strengthens government revenue and reduces fiscal gaps. However, improving capital receipts through strategic disinvestment remains crucial for long-term financial planning.

PRACTICE QUESTION:

With reference to the Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT) in India, consider the following statements:

1. DDT was a tax levied on companies distributing dividends to shareholders.
2. It was abolished in the Union Budget 2020-21.
3. After its abolition, dividends are now taxed in the hands of the recipient at applicable income tax rates.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: D

Explanation:

DDT was a tax imposed on companies when they distributed dividends to their shareholders.

The Union Budget 2020-21 abolished DDT to reduce the burden on companies and shift the tax liability to individual shareholders.

After the abolition of DDT, dividends are now taxed in the hands of shareholders as per their applicable income tax slab.

PM SURYA GHAR: INDIA’S ROOFTOP SOLAR INITIATIVE

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT: PIB

The Indian government has launched PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana, the world’s largest rooftop solar scheme, to provide free electricity, cut carbon emissions, and promote renewable energy. As of March 10, 2025, 10 lakh homes have been powered by solar energy under this initiative.

Introduction

• The PM Surya Ghar scheme aims to install rooftop solar panels on homes across India.
• Launched on February 13, 2024, the initiative promotes clean energy and reduces dependence on conventional power sources.

Key Achievements

• 47.3 lakh applications received from households.
• ₹4,770 crore disbursed as subsidies to 6.13 lakh beneficiaries.
• 3.10 lakh loan applications received; 1.58 lakh approved, and 1.28 lakh disbursed.
• Subsidy transfers are completed within 15 days.

State-Wise Progress

• Chandigarh and Daman & Diu have achieved 100% of their government rooftop solar targets.
• Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu are leading in solar adoption.
• The government is working to achieve the goal of 1 crore solar-powered homes by 2026-27.

Key Benefits

• Free electricity for households through government subsidies.
• Expected to save the government ₹75,000 crore annually on electricity costs.
• Lower carbon emissions, supporting environmental sustainability and climate goals.

Subsidy and Financial Support

• Subsidies range from ₹30,000 to ₹78,000, depending on household energy consumption.
• Homeowners can apply via the National Portal and choose approved vendors for installation.
• Collateral-free loans up to ₹2 lakh are available at a 6.75% subsidized interest rate.

Impact and Future Goals

• Households save on electricity bills and can earn by selling surplus power back to the grid.
• The initiative aims to add 30 GW of rooftop solar capacity in India.
• Expected to generate 17 lakh jobs in various sectors, boosting employment.

Model Solar Village Initiative

• One village per district will be chosen as a Model Solar Village.
• The government will provide ₹1 crore per village to encourage local solar adoption.
• This initiative promotes energy self-sufficiency in rural areas.

Conclusion

The PM Surya Ghar scheme is making solar energy accessible and affordable, reducing electricity costs, and supporting India’s clean energy transition. It plays a crucial role in sustainability, economic growth, and energy security for the future.

MGNREGS WAGE HIKE DEMAND BY PARLIAMENTARY PANEL

TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU

A Parliamentary Standing Committee has recommended an increase in MGNREGS wages to match rising living costs. It also criticized the delay in fund release, particularly affecting West Bengal, where funds have been suspended since March 2022 due to corruption allegations.

Key Recommendations of the Parliamentary Panel

Need for Wage Revision

• The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) provides rural employment, but wages have not kept pace with inflation.
• The panel urged the government to revise the wage calculation method, as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for agricultural laborers does not fully reflect rising expenses.

Demand for Uniform Wages

• Currently, MGNREGS wages vary across states, from ₹234 in Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh to ₹374 in Haryana and Sikkim.
• The panel suggested a single wage rate across all states and Union Territories for fairness, as the scheme is centrally funded.

Delay in Wage Payments

• As of February 15, 2025, total pending payments under MGNREGS stood at ₹23,446.27 crore, with ₹12,219.18 crore in wage dues.
• The delay reduces funds available for current-year activities, limiting the scheme’s effectiveness in providing rural employment.

West Bengal’s Fund Freeze

• The Centre stopped MGNREGS funds to West Bengal in March 2022, citing misuse of funds.
• This has caused distress migration and economic hardship in rural areas.
• The panel recommended releasing pending dues for all eligible years, except the one under legal dispute.

Centre-State Conflict Over Funds

• The Centre invoked Section 27 of MGNREGA, 2005, which allows fund suspension due to rule violations.
• The Trinamool Congress (TMC) government in West Bengal has strongly opposed the decision, demanding fund release and launching its own rural employment scheme, Karmashree.

Importance of MGNREGA

• Provides Employment and Livelihood Security: Ensures 100 days of guaranteed wage employment to rural households. Acts as a safety net for marginalized and low-income groups.
• Reduces Rural Distress and Migration: Prevents seasonal migration by providing local employment opportunities. Reduces dependence on informal and exploitative labor markets.
• Supports Rural Infrastructure Development: Contributes to water conservation, irrigation, and rural roads. Helps in soil and water conservation projects, improving agricultural productivity.
• Strengthens Women Empowerment: Over 50% of MGNREGA workers are women, ensuring financial independence. Provides equal wages for men and women, reducing the gender pay gap.
• Boosts Local Economy and Consumption: Increased rural wages lead to higher purchasing power, benefiting local markets. Strengthens the rural demand for goods and services.

MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT (MGNREGA) What is MGNREGA? MGNREGA is a social security scheme launched in 2005 to provide 100 days of guaranteed wage employment annually to rural households. It aims to reduce rural distress, unemployment, and poverty by generating local employment opportunities. The scheme is demand-driven, meaning work is provided when requested by eligible households. Key Features of MGNREGA Guaranteed Wage Employment Ensures 100 days of work for every rural household willing to do manual labor. Employment must be provided within 15 days of demand, or an unemployment allowance is given. Minimum Wages and Equal Pay Wages are linked to the Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Laborers (CPI-AL). Equal wages for men and women to promote gender equality. Legal Entitlement It is legally binding, meaning employment is a right under the Act. Workers can seek legal compensation if work is denied. Focus on Rural Development Employment is linked to asset creation, such as: Water conservation (ponds, irrigation canals). Road construction and rural connectivity. Drought-proofing and afforestation. Women Empowerment At least 33% of workers must be women. Ensures financial independence and social empowerment. Decentralized Implementation Managed at Gram Panchayat level, ensuring local decision-making. Work planning and execution involve community participation. Employment within Local Area Workers are provided jobs within a 5 km radius of their residence. If work is given beyond 5 km, additional travel allowance is provided.

Conclusion

The Parliamentary Committee has stressed the need for higher wages, timely fund disbursal, and fair treatment of states under MGNREGS. Immediate action is necessary to prevent rural distress and economic insecurity.

ADITYA-L1 MISSION: OBSERVATION OF FLARELESS CORONAL MASS EJECTION

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE HINDU

Scientists from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), using the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) onboard Aditya-L1, observed a flareless coronal mass ejection (CME) on July 5, 2024. This observation helps differentiate magnetic instabilities responsible for CMEs and solar flares.

Aditya-L1 Mission:

• India’s first dedicated solar mission to study the Sun’s atmosphere and its impact on space weather.

• Launched by ISRO, with multiple instruments, including VELC, developed by IIA, Bengaluru.

Key Findings of VELC Instrument

• Observation of Flareless CME: Unlike typical CMEs that accompany solar flares, this CME occurred without a flare. VELC captured its onset and expansion in the solar corona.
• Advanced Observational Capabilities: The instrument can observe the Sun’s corona closer to its base than previous coronagraphs. It captures data at shorter time intervals, improving real-time solar monitoring.
• Insights into Magnetic Instabilities: Helps in distinguishing between magnetic activities causing CMEs and solar flares. Data will aid in understanding space weather events and their effects on Earth.

Scientific Importance of CMEs and Flares

• Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs): Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are massive plasma eruptions from the Sun, carrying magnetic fields, traveling at speeds up to 3,000 km/s, weighing about a trillion kilograms, and can disrupt satellite communications, GPS, and power grids on Earth.
• Solar Flares: Explosive energy releases due to magnetic reconnection. Emit electromagnetic radiation, affecting radio signals and navigation systems. Unlike CMEs, flares are more localized and short-lived.
• Monitoring Solar Cycle 25: The Sun is nearing the peak of Solar Cycle 25, leading to frequent CMEs. Continuous observations are necessary for better space weather predictions.

ADITYA-L1 MISSION:   India’s first space mission dedicated to solar study. Launched by ISRO on September 2, 2023, using PSLV-C57 rocket. Named after the Sun God ‘Aditya’, with L1 referring to the Lagrange Point 1 (1.5 million km from Earth). Objectives To study the solar corona, solar winds, and magnetic activities. Monitor coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and solar flares. Understand space weather and its impact on Earth’s atmosphere. Payloads (Scientific Instruments) VELC (Visible Emission Line Coronagraph) – Observes the solar corona. SUIT (Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope) – Captures UV radiation from the Sun. ASPEX & PAPA – Study solar wind particles. SoLEXS & HEL1OS – Analyze X-ray emissions from the Sun. MAG (Magnetometer) – Measures magnetic field variations. Why L1 Point? Lagrange Point 1 (L1) is a gravitationally stable position between Earth and the Sun. Provides an uninterrupted view of the Sun without Earth’s shadow. Helps in real-time solar observations for better space weather predictions.

Conclusion

Aditya-L1’s VELC instrument has provided crucial insights into flareless CMEs, enhancing our understanding of solar activities and their impact on space weather. Continuous monitoring will benefit both scientific research and space technology applications.

SYRIA’S NEW CONSTITUTION:

TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE HINDU

Syria’s newly introduced temporary constitution grants extensive powers to the interim President, raising concerns about democracy, minority rights, and judicial independence.

Key Features of the New Constitution

Absolute Presidential Control

• The interim President has complete authority over governance.
• No Prime Minister exists, centralizing all power in the President’s hands.

Five-Year Transition Period

• A new permanent constitution will be drafted over five years.
• Elections will be held only after this period, delaying democratic processes.

Control Over Legislation

• The President appoints one-third of the legislative assembly.
• The remaining members are chosen by a committee formed by the President.

Judiciary Under Presidential Influence

• Although termed “independent,” the judiciary is under Presidential control.
• The President appoints top judges, compromising judicial neutrality.

Influence of Islamic Law

• Islamic jurisprudence is designated as the primary source of law.
• Religious laws are expected to play a larger role in governance.

No Protection for Minority Groups

• The constitution does not provide safeguards for ethnic and religious minorities.
• This raises concerns about discrimination and exclusion.

Official Language and Religious Restrictions

• Arabic is the sole official language.
• The President must be a Muslim, excluding non-Muslims from leadership.

Concerns and Implications

• The concentration of power undermines democratic governance.
• Minorities lack constitutional protection, leading to fears of discrimination.
• Judicial independence is compromised, affecting rule of law.
• Delay in elections extends authoritarian rule and weakens democracy.

This constitution has sparked global criticism for restricting rights and weakening democratic institutions in Syria.

HUBS FOR QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT MADE OPERATIONAL

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE HINDU

The Indian government has activated four thematic hubs (T-Hubs) for quantum technology under the National Quantum Mission (NQM). These hubs will focus on advancing quantum computing, communication, sensing, and materials across leading institutions.

National Quantum Mission (NQM) Overview

• Launched: April 2023 by the Union Cabinet.
• Budget: ₹6,003.65 crore for eight years.
• Objective: To boost research, innovation, and industrial applications in quantum technology.

Quantum Technology Hubs & Their Roles

The mission has set up four thematic hubs (T-Hubs) in leading institutions:

1. IISc Bengaluru – Quantum Computing.
2. IIT Bombay – Quantum Communication.
3. IIT Delhi – Quantum Sensing & Metrology.
4. IIT Madras – Quantum Materials & Devices.

Key Funding Allocations for 2024-25

• Uttar Pradesh: ₹28.7 crore (highest allocation).
• Maharashtra: ₹3.34 crore.
• Karnataka: ₹3.7 crore.
• Delhi: ₹2.4 crore.
• Tamil Nadu: ₹1.7 crore.
• The government expects to spend around ₹1,500 crore in the coming financial year.

Objectives & Activities of T-Hubs

• Technology Development – Advancing quantum research for national security, computing, and communications.
• Human Resource Development – Training scientists and engineers in quantum technologies.
• Entrepreneurship & Industry Collaboration – Promoting startups and partnerships with industries.
• International Cooperation – Engaging with global research institutions.

Role of IIT-Kanpur

• IIT Kanpur has been designated as the management coordinating center for these T-Hubs.
• However, it is not a direct hub but will oversee operations and fund distribution.

Significance of NQM

• Enhances India’s self-reliance in quantum technologies.
• Supports national security and defense applications.
• Helps in developing advanced computing models for industries.
• Positions India as a global leader in quantum research.

Conclusion

The National Quantum Mission is a crucial step in India’s technological advancement, ensuring significant progress in quantum computing and allied fields. The operationalization of T-Hubs will accelerate research, boost innovation, and foster international collaborations in this cutting-edge sector.

ISRO SUCCESSFULLY UNDOCKS SPADEX SATELLITES IN FIRST ATTEMPT

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE HINDU

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully undocked the satellites of the Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) mission in its first attempt. This follows the successful docking operation conducted on January 16, 2024, making India the fourth country to achieve this milestone after the U.S., Russia, and China.

About the SpaDeX Mission

• The Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) aims to develop and demonstrate rendezvous, docking, and undocking technology.
• It consists of two satellites, SDX01 (Chaser) and SDX02 (Target), launched on December 30, 2023, aboard PSLV C60.
• These satellites successfully docked on January 16, 2024, before undocking on March 14, 2024.

Key Achievements of the Undocking Operation

• The undocking took place at 9:20 AM in a 460 km circular orbit with a 45-degree inclination.
• The satellites are now orbiting independently and remain in good health.
• This marks the successful demonstration of all critical capabilities required for rendezvous, docking, and undocking in space.

Monitoring and Execution

• The mission was monitored through ground stations in Bengaluru, Lucknow, and Mauritius.
• ISRO conducted extensive ground simulations and testing before executing the undocking process.
• The operations were planned meticulously to take advantage of a launch window between March 10 and 25.

Significance of the Mission

• Crucial for future space missions, including:
  • Indian astronaut missions to the Moon.
  • Lunar sample return missions.
  • Development of an Indian Space Station.
• The mission also tested power transfer between docked spacecraft, a critical technology for:
  • In-space robotics.
  • Composite spacecraft control.
  • Post-undocking payload operations.

Conclusion

ISRO’s SpaDeX mission is a significant step in India’s space technology advancements. The successful undocking demonstrates India’s growing capabilities in space docking and rendezvous technologies, paving the way for ambitious future space missions.

HANTAVIRUS: CAUSES, TRANSMISSION, AND PREVENTION

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE HINDU

The recent death of Betsy Hackman, wife of actor Gene Hackman, has brought global attention to Hantavirus, a rare but severe viral infection that can cause respiratory failure and kidney complications.

What is Hantavirus?

• A family of viruses that can cause Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) and Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS).
• Leads to severe respiratory issues, internal bleeding, and kidney failure.

How Does It Spread?

• Carried by rodents such as deer mice, cotton rats, and rice rats.
• Humans get infected through:
  • Inhaling virus particles from contaminated rodent urine, droppings, or saliva.
  • Direct contact with infected rodents or their waste.
  • Bites from infected rodents (rare).

Symptoms of Infection

• Early symptoms (within 1-8 weeks):
  • Fever, muscle pain, and fatigue (flu-like signs).
• Severe phase:
  • Shortness of breath, coughing, chest tightness.
  • Can lead to acute respiratory distress and organ failure.

Who is at Risk?

• Farmers, construction workers, and campers in rodent-infested areas.
• Children under five, pregnant women, and those with weak immunity should avoid handling pet rodents.

Treatment & Prevention

• No specific cure or antiviral drug.
• Supportive care includes:  Oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation for breathing problems.
• Prevention:
  • Rodent control in homes and workplaces.
  • Proper hygiene and sanitation to avoid contamination.
  • Avoid disturbing rodent waste while cleaning.

Conclusion

Hantavirus poses a serious health risk despite being rare. Early detection and strict preventive measures are key to reducing its impact.