16-August-2024-Daily-Current-Affairs

COAL INDIA MANDATED TO PAY PENALTY FOR NON-SUPPLY OF COAL SOLD IN E-AUCTIONS

TOPIC: (GS3) ECONOMY– SOURCE: THE HINDU

The Indian government has taken a significant step by mandating Coal India Ltd. (CIL) to pay penalties for failing to supply coal procured through e-auctions. This move aims to enhance the ease of doing business, particularly benefiting the non-regulated sector (NRS).

Penalty for non-supply:

• CIL, responsible for 80% of India’s coal production, will now face penalties if it fails to deliver coal as per e-auction contracts.
• Previously, CIL could forfeit security deposits from consumers without any penalty for non-supply.

Enhancing Fairness:

• The government is making contracts more equitable by introducing penalties, ensuring that consumers, particularly in the NRS, receive their coal supplies.

Online Signing of FSAs:

• CIL has initiated online Fuel Supply Agreements (FSAs) for NRS consumers, a process now extended to SHAKTI B auctions.
• This development is a game-changer, removing the need for consumers to physically visit coal offices.

Impact on Coal Supply

Increased Production:

• India’s coal production is rising and expected to reach 1,080 million tonnes by March 2025.
• NRS industries, including steel and cement, are seeing a 20% increase in coal supplies this fiscal year.

Coal Imports in India

• India imports around 240 million tonnes of coal annually, valued at approximately ₹1.7 lakh crore.
• The auction of 41 coal mines is expected to achieve peak production of 225 million tonnes by 2025-26, reducing the need for imports and saving foreign exchange.

Significance of Commercial Mining

• The High-Powered Expert Committee (2017) recommended shifting from coal block allocation for self-consumption to commercial mining.
• Tapping Local Reserves: Commercial mining will enable better utilization of India’s coal reserves, increasing availability in the domestic market.
• Cost Reduction: Increased local production may reduce coal prices, lowering electricity costs for households and industries.
• Economic Impact: Private sector participation is expected to bring ₹33,000 crore of capital investment over the next five years.
• Enhanced economic activity and job creation are likely benefits.
• Energy Security: Reduced dependency on coal imports will strengthen India’s energy security.

Coal Mining in India: Key Highlights Coal remains a critical energy source in India, accounting for over 55% of the nation’s energy needs. Despite global pushes for renewable energy, coal continues to play a vital role in India’s energy sector. Coal Reserves and Mining History ·       India’s coal reserves are primarily found in ancient Gondwana coalfields and tertiary coalfields. ·       Coal mining in India began in 1774 in the Raniganj coalfield under the East India Company. ·       Government Initiatives and Reforms Commercial Auctions: ·       Since June 2020, 292 coal mines have been offered for commercial mining under a revenue-sharing model. Sale of Excess Production: ·       Amendments in the Mineral Concession Rules, 1960, allow the sale of surplus coal, boosting supply. CIL Production Targets: ·       Coal India Limited (CIL) aims to produce one billion tonnes annually, with 15 projects identified to add 160 MTPA. Largest Coal Mines in India Jharia Coalfield (Jharkhand): ·       One of India’s largest and most significant coal mining areas, known for its extensive reserves and production. Singrauli Coalfield (Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh): ·       A major coal mining region, contributing significantly to India’s coal production, spanning across two states.

Pollution control measures

• Fixed and mobile sprinklers, mist-based water spraying, and fog cannons are deployed to minimize dust.
• Use of surface miners and wet drilling techniques to reduce pollution.
• Avenue and peripheral plantations, wind barriers, and mechanical sweepers mitigate environmental impact.

Conclusion

This initiative marks a significant shift in India’s coal sector, ensuring fairer practices and better supply for industries beyond the power sector.

Multiple Choice Question:

1. Arrange the following states in descending order based on their coal reserves:
2. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha
3. Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand
4. Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha
5. Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh

Answer: A

CENTRE LAUNCHES NEW AI-BASED SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM TO MANAGE PESTS, CONNECT SCIENTISTS WITH FARMERS

TOPIC: (GS3) ECONOMY– SOURCE: THE HINDU

The Indian government has introduced the National Pest Surveillance System (NPSS), an AI-powered initiative to assist farmers in managing pests. This system aims to reduce reliance on pesticides and ensure timely and precise pest control.

NPSS: AI for Pest Control

• NPSS uses AI to monitor pest activity and provide real-time data to farmers.
• Farmers can connect with agricultural scientists and experts via mobile for pest control guidance.
• The initiative reduces pesticide overuse by enabling early detection of pest infestations.
• Accurate diagnosis and treatment through NPSS enhance crop yields and soil health.

Implementation:

• Reach and Impact: The system is expected to benefit around 14 crore farmers across India, providing them with scientific insights for better pest management.
• No Additional Funding Required: The system is designed as a technological platform that does not require extra funding, making it sustainable and scalable.

Introduction of AI in Pest Control

• Early detection: AI-powered image analysis can identify pests at early stages, allowing for timely intervention.
• Precision application: AI can optimize pesticide usage by targeting specific areas with infestations, reducing environmental impact.
• Farmer empowerment: Provides real-time information, reducing reliance on chemical-based solutions and increasing crop yield.

Standardized Crop Monitoring System

• Data collection: AI-driven sensors gather data on soil moisture, temperature, light, and other parameters for analysis.
• Predictive analytics: AI models forecast weather patterns, crop growth stages, and potential disease outbreaks.
• Image analysis: AI identifies crop health issues, nutrient deficiencies, and diseases through image processing.

Examples of AI in Farming: India Drone-based crop monitoring ·       Platform: Several companies offer drone-based agricultural solutions, including: ·       DeHaat: Provides drone services for crop monitoring, spraying, and data analysis. ·       DroneAcharya: Offers drone-based solutions for agriculture, including crop health monitoring and spraying. AI-powered soil health analysis Platform: ·       KhetiGuru: Offers AI-based soil testing and fertilizer recommendations. ·       Gramophone: Provides AI-driven soil health analysis and recommendations. Chatbots providing agricultural advice Platform: ·       Fasal: Offers an AI-powered chatbot to provide farmers with real-time crop advisory services. ·       Samunnati: Provides a chatbot for farmers to access information on weather, market prices, and crop management.

Conclusion:

The NPSS is a significant step towards modernizing pest management in India, enhancing the ease of farming, and contributing to agricultural productivity through technological innovation.

DIGITAL BOOST TO REVIVE SOLAR POWER INSTALLATION SCHEME

TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY AND GOVERNANCE– SOURCE: THE HINDU

The Pradhan Mantri-Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM) aims to boost solar energy in agriculture by setting up 100 GW of solar power plants and installing solar pumps across India.

However, delays and challenges like the unavailability of suitable land have slowed the scheme’s progress.

Challenges and Current Progress:

• Slow Implementation: As of June, only 256 MW of power plants, 3.97 lakh solar pumps, and 13,500 solarised pumps have been installed, leading to the extension of the scheme’s deadline to 2026.
• Land Availability: A significant challenge is finding adequate land for solar projects, especially on agricultural lands where pooling suitable parcels is difficult.

Innovative Approaches:

• Digital Platforms: States like Rajasthan are using digital platforms with drone technology to map land parcels, improving project execution.
• Collaborative Efforts: Organizations like the Global Energy Alliance for People and Planet (GEAPP) are working with state governments to connect farmers and power developers, ensuring efficient land use.

Achievements and Future Plans:

• Rajasthan’s Lead: Rajasthan has installed nearly 200 MW of the 256 MW solar capacity, with plans to reach 100 MW by 2024.
• Fair Compensation: Farmers leasing their land for solar modules receive fair compensation, with rates adjusted for inflation.

PM-KUSUM Scheme Overview: PM-KUSUM ·       Launched in 2019 to de-dieselize the farm sector and boost farmers’ income. ·       Aims to ensure energy security for farmers and increase non-fossil fuel electric power to 40% by 2030 as per India’s INDCs. ·       Targets adding 34,800 MW of solar capacity by March 2026 with a central financial support of ₹34,422 crore. ·       Nodal Ministry: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). Key Features: ·       Central government provides up to 30%-50% subsidy for standalone solar pumps and solarization of existing grid-connected pumps. ·       Farmers can install grid-connected solar power plants up to 2 MW on barren/fallow land. ·       Components of the Scheme: ·       Component A: Installation of 10,000 MW solar capacity through small solar power plants (up to 2 MW) within five km radius of notified sub-stations, with power purchased by local DISCOM at a pre-fixed tariff. ·       Component B: Installation of 20 lakh standalone solar-powered agriculture pumps (up to 7.5 HP) replacing diesel pumps in off-grid areas, with 30% subsidy from the state and the rest from the farmer. ·       Component C: Solarization of 15 lakh grid-connected agriculture pumps, allowing farmers to use solar power for irrigation and sell excess power to DISCOMs at a pre-fixed tariff. Eligibility: ·       Scheme is open to individual farmers, farmer groups, FPOs, Panchayats, cooperatives, and Water User Associations.

Conclusion:

The PM-KUSUM scheme, despite its slow start, shows promise through innovative digital solutions and collaborative efforts, especially in states like Rajasthan. With continued focus, the scheme can significantly contribute to India’s renewable energy goals by 2026.

Multiple Choice Question:

1. With reference to the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM) scheme, consider the following statements:
2. The scheme aims to install solar power plants with a total capacity of 100 GW by the year 2026.
3. Component A of the scheme allows farmers to set up solar power plants on barren or fallow land.
4. Component B provides a 30% central subsidy for the installation of standalone solar pumps in off-grid areas.
5. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is the nodal ministry responsible for implementing the scheme.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 4 only
3. 2, 3, and 4 only
4. 1, 3, and 4 only

ANSWER: C

EXPLANATION

The PM-KUSUM scheme aims to add a solar capacity of 34,800 MW by 2026, not 100 GW.

Component A allows farmers to set up solar power plants on barren or fallow land with capacities up to 2 MW.

Component B provides a 30% central subsidy for the installation of standalone solar pumps in off-grid areas.

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is the nodal ministry responsible for the implementation of the scheme.

WAYANAD LANDSLIDE: A CASE STUDY IN HYDROLOGICAL DISASTERS

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT– SOURCE: INDIA TODAY

The devastating landslide in Wayanad district of Kerala in July 2023 has highlighted the vulnerability of the region to extreme weather events. The incident underscores the complex interplay of geological, hydrological, and climatic factors in triggering such disasters.

Key Findings

• Dam burst effect: Prolonged heavy rainfall led to soil saturation and the formation of a temporary dam in the forested uphill region.
• Catastrophic failure: The dam eventually collapsed, releasing a massive volume of water, soil, and debris, causing the landslide.
• Extensive damage: The landslide impacted three villages, resulting in significant loss of life and property.
• Ongoing search and rescue: Efforts to locate missing persons continue in the downstream areas.

Implications

• Vulnerability assessment: The incident emphasizes the need for comprehensive vulnerability assessments in landslide-prone regions.
• Early warning systems: Improved early warning systems for heavy rainfall and potential landslides are crucial.
• Land use planning: Sustainable land use practices should be promoted to prevent deforestation and soil erosion.
• Disaster preparedness: Effective disaster preparedness and response plans are essential for mitigating the impact of such events.

Land slide monitoring ·       Landslide Atlas of India: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has developed this atlas, mapping around 80,000 landslides. It provides valuable data on landslide distribution and characteristics. ·       Early warning systems: Several regions prone to landslides, like Uttarakhand and the Western Ghats, have implemented early warning systems based on rainfall and other parameters. How INSAT-3DS Helps in Landslide Early Warning ·       Real-time monitoring of weather patterns: The satellite continuously tracks rainfall, cloud formation, and other meteorological parameters. ·       Early warning of heavy rainfall: By detecting intense rainfall patterns, it can issue alerts for potential landslides in vulnerable areas.

Conclusion

The Wayanad landslide serves as a stark reminder of the challenges posed by climate change and the importance of adopting a proactive approach to disaster management. Understanding the underlying causes of such events is crucial for developing effective prevention and mitigation strategies.

PREDICTING SOLAR STORMS: NEW METHOD FROM INDIAN ASTRONOMERS

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY– SOURCE: THE HINDU

Accurately predicting the intensity of solar cycles is crucial for understanding space weather and its impact on Earth’s infrastructure and technology. Indian astronomers have developed a promising new method for this purpose.

New Prediction Technique

• Data source: Researchers at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) analyzed 100 years of solar data from the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory.
• Key observation: They discovered a correlation between the width of supergranular cells on the Sun’s surface during the solar minimum and the number of sunspots during the following solar maximum.
• Method’s advantage: This straightforward approach allows for predictions about 4-5 years before the next solar peak.

Space Weather and its Significance

• Components: Solar wind, coronal mass ejections, and solar flares are the main elements of space weather.
• Impact on Earth: These phenomena can disrupt communication and power grids, damage spacecraft electronics, and pose risks to astronauts.
• Forecasting importance: Predicting the intensity of solar cycles helps mitigate these potential consequences.

Traditional Prediction Methods

• Theoretical models: Scientists use dynamo models to theoretically calculate solar cycle strength.
• Extrapolation: Existing data trends are extrapolated to predict future activity.
• Precursor methods: Specific solar activity measurements are used to forecast the strength of the next solar maximum.

Solar Wind ·       Phenomenon: A continuous stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun. ·       Impact: Interacts with Earth’s magnetic field, creating auroras. Can cause geomagnetic storms affecting communication systems and power grids. ·       Mitigation: Real-time monitoring, early warning systems, and hardened infrastructure. Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) ·       Phenomenon: Large expulsions of plasma and magnetic field from the Sun’s corona. ·       Impact: Can trigger geomagnetic storms, disrupting power grids, satellite communications, and GPS systems. ·       Mitigation: Space weather forecasting, shielding critical infrastructure, and developing backup systems. Solar Flares ·       Phenomenon: Intense bursts of radiation from the Sun’s surface. ·       Impact: Primarily affects radio communications, but can also impact satellite operations. ·       Mitigation: Real-time monitoring, frequency switching, and backup communication systems.

Conclusion

This new discovery by Indian astronomers offers a valuable addition to the existing toolbox for predicting solar activity. It provides a simple and effective method for anticipating the intensity of upcoming solar cycles, enabling better preparation for potential space weather events.

Multiple Choice Question:

1. The Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis are primarily caused by the interaction of:
2. Solar winds with the Earth’s atmosphere.
3. Earth’s magnetic field with the Moon’s gravitational pull.
4. Ocean currents and atmospheric pressure differences.
5. Volcanic eruptions and atmospheric gases.

ANSWER: A

FREEDOM NOTES

TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY AND GOVERNANCE – SOURCE: THE HINDU

The Prime Minister’s Independence Day speech outlined the government’s agenda, emphasizing continuity and authority. However, the speech also revealed a confrontational approach and a disregard for democratic norms.

• Polarizing Rhetoric: The government’s tendency to view criticism as an attempt to destabilize the nation is counterproductive. This approach fosters a divisive political climate.
• Lack of Consensus Building: Issues like the Uniform Civil Code require extensive dialogue and consensus. The government’s unilateral approach can alienate significant sections of society.
• Selective Accountability: The focus on investigating opposition leaders while overlooking allegations against government functionaries undermines the principles of fairness and equality.
• Erosion of Democratic Norms: The seating arrangement for the Leader of the Opposition reflects a disregard for established protocols and undermines the spirit of democratic opposition.

Conclusion

India’s democracy thrives on a vibrant opposition and constructive criticism. The government’s actions, as reflected in the Prime Minister’s speech, indicate a departure from these principles. It is imperative for the government to adopt a more inclusive and consultative approach to address the nation’s challenges.

RESHAPE THE GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES OF AI COMPANIES

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY– SOURCE: HINDUSTHAN TIMES

The rapid advancement of AI has necessitated a critical re-evaluation of corporate governance models. The traditional shareholder primacy model often clashes with the broader societal implications of AI technologies.

The Challenge: Profit vs. Public Good

• Shareholder primacy: The prevailing corporate governance model prioritizes profit maximization over other stakeholders.
• AI’s societal impact: AI technologies have far-reaching consequences, including privacy concerns, algorithmic bias, and job displacement.
• Governance gap: The current governance structure often fails to adequately address these challenges.

The Rise of Alternative Models

• Stakeholder capitalism: There is a growing recognition of the need to consider the interests of all stakeholders, including employees, customers, and communities.
• Public benefit corporations: Some AI companies have adopted this model to prioritize social responsibility.
• Challenges: Even public benefit corporations can be influenced by profit motives, as demonstrated by the OpenAI case.

The Need for a New Approach

• Ethical standards: Developing clear ethical guidelines for AI development and deployment is crucial.
• Independent oversight: Establishing independent regulatory bodies to monitor AI companies is essential.
• Long-term perspective: Encouraging companies to adopt a long-term view that considers the broader societal impact of their technologies.
• Incentivizing responsible AI: Creating financial incentives for companies to prioritize ethical AI development.
• Transparency and accountability: Ensuring transparency in AI systems and holding companies accountable for their actions.

Conclusion

The governance of AI companies is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach. By balancing the pursuit of profit with the need for social responsibility, policymakers and industry leaders can work together to create a framework that fosters innovation while mitigating risks.

MPOX OUTBREAK: A GLOBAL HEALTH EMERGENCY

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY– SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH

The recent resurgence of mpox has prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). This declaration underscores the global nature of the outbreak and the urgent need for coordinated international response.

Key Features of the Outbreak

• Geographic spread: The outbreak originated in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and has spread to several neighboring countries and beyond.
• New strain: The current outbreak is characterized by the emergence of a new, more transmissible clade of the mpox virus.
• Increased severity: While mpox is generally a self-limiting disease, the new strain has shown increased severity in some cases.
• Global impact: The interconnectedness of the world has facilitated the rapid spread of the virus beyond Africa.

Challenges and Responses

• Limited data: There is a lack of comprehensive data on the outbreak, hindering effective response efforts.
• Vaccine availability: While vaccines exist, access and distribution remain challenges, particularly in low-income countries.
• Stigma and discrimination: Fear and misinformation can hinder public health efforts and disproportionately affect vulnerable populations.

WHAT IS MPOX? ·       Viral infection caused by the monkeypox virus. ·       First human case recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. ·       Two main types: Central African (Clade I) and West African (Clade II). ·       Symptoms: Skin rash, fever, headache, muscle aches, backache, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes. ·       Transmission: Direct contact with body fluids, lesions, prolonged face-to-face contact, and indirect contact with contaminated items. ·       Treatment: No specific treatment, focus on supportive care. Zoonotic Diseases ·       Infections transmitted between animals and humans. ·       Caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi. ·       Range in severity from mild to life-threatening (e.g., rabies).

Conclusion

The declaration of a PHEIC highlights the seriousness of the mpox outbreak and the need for a robust global response. Addressing the challenges posed by the virus requires concerted efforts from health authorities, researchers, and communities worldwide.

STONEHENGE: A MONUMENTAL JOURNEY

TOPIC: (GS1) HISTORY – SOURCE: INDIAN EXPRESS

Stonehenge, a prehistoric monument in England, has long captivated the world with its enigmatic construction. Recent research has unveiled new insights into the origins of one of its key components, the Altar Stone.

The Enigma of the Altar Stone

• Geographic Origin: The Altar Stone, once believed to originate from Wales, has been traced back to the Orcadian Basin in northeast Scotland, a journey of approximately 800 kilometers.
• Methodological Breakthrough: Advanced geochemical analysis of the stone provided definitive evidence of its Scottish origin.
• Human Transportation: Despite speculation about natural forces, experts concur that the stone was transported by humans, suggesting significant organizational and logistical capabilities in prehistoric times.

Implications

• Connected Britain: The journey of the Altar Stone challenges the perception of Neolithic Britain as isolated, indicating greater interconnectedness and complex social structures.
• Cultural Significance: The immense effort required to transport the stone highlights its potential symbolic importance and the reverence accorded to it.
• Future Research: This discovery opens new avenues for research into the lives and beliefs of prehistoric people.

Conclusion

The extraordinary journey of the Altar Stone to Stonehenge underscores the complexity and sophistication of Neolithic societies. It challenges existing narratives about prehistoric Britain and invites further exploration into the motivations and methods behind this monumental undertaking.