A CHANGE IN INDIA’S POWER EXPORT RULES
TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY AND GOVERNANCE– SOURCE: THE HINDU
India has amended its power export rules to allow Indian power exporters to reroute electricity to domestic grids if payments from partner countries, like Bangladesh, are delayed. This amendment aims to reduce political and economic risks associated with transnational power projects.
Key Aspects of the Godda Project
- First Transnational Power Project: Adani Power’s Godda plant in Jharkhand is India’s first project to supply all generated power (1,496 MW) to Bangladesh under a 25-year Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB).
- Impact on Bangladesh: The project contributes 6% of Bangladesh’s total installed power capacity (24,911 MW as of June 2023) and aims to reduce the cost of power generation by replacing expensive liquid fuel.
Criticisms of the Project
- Coal Import Concerns: The use of coal imported from Australia’s Carmichael mine has been criticized for inflating costs. The BPDB raised concerns over the high coal prices quoted at $400/MT, significantly higher than the $250/MT paid for other thermal plants.
- High Costs: The PPA has been criticized for high capacity and maintenance charges, irrespective of power generation, which are considered excessive by industry standards.
Bangladesh’s Power Import Needs
- Underutilization: Despite significant progress in electricity access, Bangladesh faces fuel and gas supply constraints, leading to underutilization of power plants. The country has sought international support to cope with energy price volatility and frequent blackouts.
- Overcapacity: Bangladesh has an installed power capacity of 28,098 MW, but the highest recorded generation is only 16,477 MW, leaving a significant idle capacity.
Impact of the Regulatory Amendment
- Increased Flexibility: The amendment allows Indian power exporters to redirect electricity to the domestic market, reducing reliance on external markets and mitigating risks from economic instability in neighboring countries.
- Short-Term Impact on Bangladesh: While a sudden halt in supply might cause short-term disruptions, the long-term impact on Bangladesh’s power supply is expected to be minimal.
Conclusion
The regulatory change provides Indian power exporters with greater flexibility, reducing risks associated with transnational projects. However, it also highlights the challenges faced by Bangladesh in balancing power imports with its underutilized domestic capacity.
HOW THE BANNI GRASSLANDS OF KACHCHH, GUJARAT CAN BE RESTORED
TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT – SOURCE: THE HINDU
The Banni grasslands of Kachchh, Gujarat, are one of India’s largest grasslands facing degradation.
new study says assessed the suitability of different areas for sustainable restoration.
Assessment Methodology
- Researchers from KSKV Kachchh University analysed 20 parameters across the Banni area.
- This included soil samples (nutrients, acidity, texture etc.), satellite data (land use, slope etc.)
- The study categorised suitability into five classes: highly suitable, suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable, and not suitable.
Restoration Potential
- The study found that 64% (over 1600 sq. km) of the existing grassland area is highly or moderately suitable for restoration.
- Restoration in these areas could involve water source development (irrigation/rainwater harvesting).
- Moderately suitable areas might require additional interventions like terracing and managing factors like erosion and salinity.
Impact and Conclusion
- This research provides valuable data for policymakers and the National Green Tribunal for crafting grassland protection and rehabilitation policies.
- The study’s holistic approach, considering various soil and satellite data points, offers a more comprehensive picture for informed decision-making.
- Restoring Banni grasslands can benefit biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, and livelihoods of local communities dependent on these lands.
- This research paves the way for evidence-based grassland management, promoting a greener future for Banni.
BANNI GRASSLAND:
· Location: Situated along the northern border of Kachchh district in Gujarat, India.
· Size: One of the largest grasslands in the Indian subcontinent, covering over 2,500 sq. km.
Ecological Factors:
· Influenced by river damming and the spread of the invasive Prosopis juliflora tree.
· Subject to changes in livestock composition and density due to centuries of grazing.
Human Population:
· Inhabited by 22 ethnic groups, predominantly pastoralists.
· These communities are spread across 48 settlements within 19 Panchayats, with a population nearing 40,000.
Biodiversity:
· Flora: Comprises 37 grass species, with notable vegetation including Prosopis juliflora, Cressa critica, Cyperus spp, Sporobolus, Dichanthium, and Aristida.
· Fauna: Hosts 275 bird species and various mammals such as Nilgai, Chinkara, Blackbuck, Wild Boar, Golden Jackal, Indian Hare, Indian Wolf, Caracal, Asiatic Wildcat, and Desert Fox.
Conservation Areas:
· Includes the Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary (380 sq. km) and the recently designated Chhari Dhand Conservation Reserve (227 sq. km).
· Domesticated Animals: The grasslands are breeding grounds for the Banni buffalo and Kankrej cow, as well as other domesticated species like sheep, goats, horses, and camels. |
With reference to Banni grasslands, consider the following statements:
- It is a unique ecosystem where grasslands and wetlands coexist.
- The Maldhari community is traditionally associated with the Banni grasslands.
- The Banni grasslands are primarily located in the state of Gujarat.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only
Explanation:
While the Banni grasslands are a unique ecosystem, they are primarily grasslands and not characterized by a significant presence of wetlands. Hence, this statement is incorrect.
The Maldhari community is indeed traditionally associated with the Banni grasslands. They are known for their nomadic pastoral lifestyle and dependence on livestock, which thrive in the grassland environment. This statement is correct.
The Banni grasslands are located in the Kachchh district of Gujarat. This statement is also correct.
DUAL-USE GOODS: US ALERTS INDIAN COMPANIES ON EXPORT OF DEFENCE TECH TO RUSSIA
TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS– SOURCE: INDIAN EXPRESS
The U.S. government has issued warnings to Indian companies about exporting dual-use goods to Russia. These goods, which can be used for both civilian and military purposes, have the potential to enhance Russian defense capabilities, drawing concerns amid the ongoing Ukraine conflict.
Key Points
- Dual-Use Items: Items such as electronic components, machine tools, drones, and software for drones can be utilized in both civilian and military applications, making them sensitive in the context of export controls.
- US Concerns: The U.S. has expressed concerns that these dual-use goods could end up being used in Russian missiles or other defense systems, attracting Western sanctions. The U.S. has previously sanctioned Indian firms like Bengaluru-based S12 Microsystems for allegedly supplying such technology to Russia.
- Government Actions: The U.S. Treasury and Commerce Departments are actively consulting with Indian industries to make them aware of the risks involved in exporting such items to Russia. Additionally, financial institutions in India have been cautioned about engaging with Russia’s military-industrial base.
- Indian Export Data: India’s exports to Russia have significantly increased, with a 40% rise in 2023, particularly in sectors like engineering goods, auto parts, and steel.
DUAL-USE GOODS AND TECHNOLOGIES
Definition: Dual-use goods and technologies are items, software, or technologies that have both civilian and military applications. They are critical for commercial and research activities but can also be misused for developing weapons, including weapons of mass destruction (WMDs).
Regulation in India:
· India’s Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) regulates the export of dual-use items under the SCOMET (Special Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment and Technologies) list, in collaboration with the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and other government agencies.
· India’s Strategic Trade Control system ensures compliance with international best practices related to the export of dual-use goods, software, and technologies.
Examples of Dual-Use Goods and Technologies:
· Nuclear Materials: Uranium, which can be used for nuclear power as well as nuclear weapons.
· Chemicals: Some chemicals used in industrial processes or pharmaceuticals can be weaponized as chemical agents.
· Biological Agents: Pathogens and toxins used in medical research can be repurposed for biological warfare.
· Advanced Computing: High-performance computing systems have applications in civilian industries and military simulations.
· Artificial Intelligence: AI can be utilized across various sectors, including military operations and cybersecurity.
· Aerospace Technology: Technologies developed for civilian aviation are also applicable in military aircraft and missiles.
· Robotics and Drones: Initially military technologies, they are now widely used in civilian applications but retain military potential.
Challenges in Regulation:
· End-Use Determination: Difficult to ascertain the final use of dual-use items, especially with non-transparent end-users.
· Legal Compliance: Companies must navigate a complex web of international treaties and national laws.
· Technological Advances: Rapid advances can outpace regulatory frameworks, leading to potential gaps.
· Global Supply Chains: The international nature of supply chains complicates monitoring and regulation.
Control Regimes:
· Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG): Regulates nuclear material and technology exports.
· Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR): Restricts the proliferation of missile and drone technology.
· Australia Group: Controls exports that could contribute to chemical and biological weapons.
· Wassenaar Arrangement: Aims to control the export of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies.
|
Conclusion
The U.S. is closely monitoring and advising Indian companies to avoid exporting dual-use goods to Russia, which could strengthen Russia’s military capabilities and lead to sanctions. This reflects the geopolitical complexities and economic challenges in international trade amid ongoing global conflicts.
Multiple Choice Question:
- Which of the following statements is true regarding the Wassenaar Arrangement?
- It focuses on the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
- It aims to control the export of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies.
- It regulates only missile and drone technology exports.
- It is an agreement among countries to control the spread of chemical weapons.
Answer: B
CLEAN GANGA MISSION HEAD FLAGS SLOW PACE OF PROJECTS
TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY AND GOVERNANCE – SOURCE: THE HINDU
The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) has expressed concern over the slow pace of projects under the Namami Gange mission. Despite significant allocation, expenditure has been lagging, particularly in key states like Uttar Pradesh.
Key Issues
- Low Expenditure: Only about half of the sanctioned ₹37,550 crore has been spent till June 2024.
- Uttar Pradesh Concerns: The NMCG has specifically flagged Uttar Pradesh for slow expenditure, despite having a large number of projects.
- Delayed Payments: Officials in Uttar Pradesh attributed low expenditure to delayed fund release and ongoing payment processes.
NMCG’s Response
- The NMCG clarified that the concern was not limited to Uttar Pradesh but was a general observation.
- They attributed low first-quarter expenditure to a usual trend and assured that the pace would pick up in subsequent quarters.
- The NMCG emphasized their track record of completing 112 projects in seven years, suggesting a normal pace of project execution.
National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)
- The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) was established on 12th August 2011 under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.
- Initially served as the implementation arm of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
- NGRBA was replaced in 2016 by the National Council for Rejuvenation, Protection, and Management of River Ganga.
Objectives:
- Primary goal: Reduce pollution and rejuvenate the Ganga River.
- Key initiative: Namami Gange Programme to clean and rejuvenate the river.
- Emphasizes intersectoral coordination for comprehensive planning, management, and maintaining the river’s ecological flow.
Organizational Structure:
Five-Tier Structure:
- National Ganga Council: Chaired by the Prime Minister of India.
- Empowered Task Force on River Ganga: Chaired by the Union Minister of Jal Shakti.
- National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG): Core implementing body.
- State Ganga Committees: Coordinate at the state level.
- District Ganga Committees: Operate in districts along the Ganga and its tributaries.
Challenges Faced by NMCG:
- Land Acquisition: Delays in commissioning plants due to land acquisition issues.
- Lack of Local Initiatives: State governments rely on the Centre for building treatment plants; insufficient local waste management efforts.
- Improper Funding: Of ₹20,000 crore allocated, ₹37,396 crore approved, but only ₹14,745 crore released by June 2023.
- Municipal Solid Waste Management: Inadequate infrastructure in towns and cities along the river for treating waste.
- Inadequate Sewerage Coverage: Significant urban population outside sewerage networks leads to untreated waste entering the river.
- Improper Waste Disposal: Rubbish heaps near ghats indicate poor waste disposal practices.
Effects of the NMCG:
- Improvement in water quality within prescribed limits for primary bathing.
- Increase in the dolphin population, indicating better water quality.
- Enhanced presence of Indian carp, a fish species that thrives in clean water.
- Ongoing efforts to develop a water quality index similar to the air quality index.
Related Initiatives:
- Namami Gange Programme
- Ganga Action Plan
- National River Ganga Basin Authority (NRGBA)
- Clean Ganga Fund
- Bhuvan-Ganga Web App
- Ban on Waste Disposal
Ganga River System:
- The Ganga’s headwaters, the Bhagirathi, originate from the Gangotri Glacier and join the Alaknanda at Devprayag.
- The river enters the plains at Haridwar.
- Major tributaries include the Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak, and Kosi rivers.
Conclusion
The slow progress of Ganga cleaning projects is a cause for concern. While the NMCG has assured that the pace will pick up, there is a need for more efficient project execution and timely fund utilization to achieve the mission’s objectives.
Multiple Choice Question:
- The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) was established under which Act?
- Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
- Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
- River Boards Act, 1956
- Societies Registration Act, 1860
ANSWER – D
EXPLANATION:
The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) was established as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. This framework allows the NMCG to function as an autonomous entity, enabling it to coordinate efforts for the rejuvenation and conservation of the Ganga River effectively. The Societies Registration Act provides flexibility in administration and implementation, which is essential for handling the multi-dimensional challenges associated with cleaning the Ganga. By operating under this Act, the NMCG can collaborate with various stakeholders, including state governments, NGOs, and local communities, ensuring a comprehensive approach to river conservation.
SURGE IN COVID-19 CASES IN INDIA DUE TO NEW STRAINS
TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY – SOURCE: THE HINDU
The central government has recently linked the increase in Covid-19 cases in India to two new strains, KP.1 and KP.2. These strains belong to the “FLiRT” group, evolving from the JN1 Omicron variant.
Characteristics of KP.1 and KP.2:
- Both strains are highly transmissible.
- Symptoms are generally mild, including fever, cold, cough, sore throat, body aches, and fatigue.
- 2 has been classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a Variant Under Monitoring.
Covid-19 Overview:
- Covid-19 is a contagious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
- Vaccines like COVISHIELD, Covaxin, and AstraZeneca have been widely recommended in India to combat the virus.
Government Measures:
- The Integrated Disease Surveillance Program (IDSP), under the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), has been implemented across all 36 States/UTs to monitor and control the spread of the virus.
- Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratories have been established to enhance virus detection and research.
- The Pradhan Mantri-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-A BHIM) has been launched to strengthen health infrastructure and readiness against Covid-19.
NATIONAL PEST SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM (NPSS)
TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY AND GOVERNANCE – SOURCE: TIMES OF INDIA
The Union Government recently launched the National Pest Surveillance System (NPSS), an AI-based platform designed to connect farmers with agricultural scientists and experts for improved pest control.
Key Features of NPSS:
AI-Driven Analysis:
- Utilizes Artificial Intelligence (AI) to analyze real-time data on pest infestations.
- Enables timely interventions to prevent crop damage.
Direct Communication:
- Farmers can upload images of affected crops or pests through their mobile phones.
- Facilitates rapid diagnosis and treatment recommendations by experts.
Reduction of Pesticide Dependence:
- Provides accurate pest management advice, reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides.
- Promotes sustainable farming practices by minimizing the overuse of pesticides.
Widespread Reach:
- Expected to benefit around 140 million farmers across India.
- Enhances accessibility to expert advice, making scientific pest control more widespread.
Integration with Local Outreach:
- The platform will be integrated with state-level outreach programs.
- Ensures region-specific support and tailored advice for farmers.
Conclusion:
NPSS aims to empower farmers with scientific pest management, reducing unnecessary pesticide use and enhancing crop protection through advanced technology.
EXPORT OF READY-TO-DRINK FIG JUICE AND ROLE OF APEDA
TOPIC: (GS3) ECONOMY – SOURCE: HINDUSTHAN TIMES
The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) recently facilitated the export of India’s first ready-to-drink fig juice to Poland, made from GI-tagged Purandar figs.
About Purandar Figs:
Geographical Indication (GI) Tag:
- Awarded in 2016, known for superior quality.
Cultivation Area:
- Grown in villages of Purandar taluk in Pune district, Maharashtra.
Unique Characteristics:
- Bell-shaped, larger in size, and violet skin color due to the high calcium and potassium content in the soil.
- Over 80% of the fig is pulp, which is pinkish-red, highly nutritious, and rich in vitamins and minerals.
Agro-Climatic Factors:
- Dry weather, hilly slopes, and well-drained land are crucial for cultivation.
About APEDA:
Establishment:
- Set up by the Government of India under the APEDA Act of 1985.
Objective:
- Develop and promote the export of scheduled products, which include various agricultural and processed food items.
Functions:
- Sets standards for scheduled products and registers exporters.
- Enhances packaging, marketing, and quality control through inspections.
- Provides financial assistance, guidelines, and training.
- Conducts surveys and publishes statistics related to scheduled products.
Examples of Scheduled Products:
- Fruits, vegetables, meat, poultry, dairy products, confectionery, honey, and more.
HAKKI PIKKI TRIBE
TOPIC: (GS1) CULTURE – SOURCE: THE HINDU
The Hakki Pikki tribal community, traditionally known for bird catching and hunting, has successfully transitioned into the hair oil industry, becoming notable entrepreneurs.
About Hakki Pikki Tribe:
Name and Origin:
- The name “Hakki Pikki” comes from Kannada, where “Hakki” means bird and “Pikki” means catchers.
- Originally a semi-nomadic tribe, they migrated from Northern India, particularly Gujarat and Rajasthan.
- Now primarily settled in Karnataka, especially in the Shivamogga, Davanagere, and Mysuru districts.
- Recognized as a Scheduled Tribe in India.
Language:
- They speak an Indo-Aryan language called ‘Vaagri’ at home, despite living in a Dravidian-speaking region.
- Use Kannada for daily business interactions.
- UNESCO has listed ‘Vaagri’ as an endangered language.
Occupation:
- Historically hunters, the tribe shifted to selling spices, flowers, Ayurveda formulations, and herbal oils after wildlife laws became stricter.
- They have expanded their business globally, particularly in Africa, where there’s a demand for affordable alternatives to Western medicine.
Rituals and Customs:
- The tribe follows Hindu traditions, celebrates Hindu festivals, and prefers cross-cousin marriages.
- The society is matriarchal, with the groom providing dowry to the bride’s family.
- The eldest son is not supposed to cut his hair for easy identification.
- They are non-vegetarians.