30-November-2024-Daily-Current-Affairs

INDIANS NEED TO SHARE CONTRACEPTIVE RESPONSIBILITY

TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU

India’s family planning program, launched in 1952, aimed to stabilize the population and improve maternal and child health. However, there has been a significant decline in male sterilization, or vasectomy, with only 0.3% of sterilizations being performed on men as per NFHS-4 and NFHS-5. This imbalance places a disproportionate contraceptive burden on women, contrary to the goals of National Health Policy 2017.

Gender Disparity in Sterilization

• Female-Dominated Sterilization: Female sterilization constitutes 9% of contraceptive usage, while male sterilization remains at a meager 0.3%. This sharp disparity contradicts efforts to achieve gender equality and the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5.
• Historical Trends: During the 1960s, vasectomies accounted for 5% of sterilizations. Over the years, societal stigma and lack of awareness have caused a steep decline in male sterilization rates.

Challenges Hindering Male Sterilization

• Social Stigma and Perceptions: Many view sterilization as a woman’s responsibility. Men are reluctant to undergo vasectomy due to fears of weakness, work loss, or misconceptions about the procedure.
• Lack of Awareness: Many couples are unaware of cash incentives or the benefits of vasectomy as a safer and simpler option compared to female sterilization.
• Accessibility Issues: Skilled healthcare providers are scarce in rural areas. Health workers often lack knowledge about advanced techniques like no-scalpel vasectomies.

Steps to Promote Male Sterilization

• Awareness Campaigns: Educate adolescents about gender equality and shared reproductive responsibilities. Conduct sustained programs to address myths and misconceptions about vasectomy.
• Enhanced Incentives: Increase financial compensation for men undergoing vasectomy to offset economic challenges.
• Example: Madhya Pradesh raised incentives by 50% in 2022, encouraging participation.

Learning from International Examples

• South Korea: High vasectomy prevalence due to progressive gender norms.
• Bhutan: Community camps and quality services improved vasectomy acceptance.
• Brazil: Awareness campaigns via mass media increased male sterilization rates.

Way Forward

• Strengthening Policies and Systems: Align national health systems with policy objectives to promote male sterilization effectively. Train healthcare professionals in advanced methods like non-scalpel vasectomy.
• Integrated Approach: Combine public awareness programs with actionable policies. Foster shared contraceptive responsibility for sustainable family planning outcomes.

Conclusion
Addressing gender disparity in sterilization requires dismantling social stigma, improving awareness, and enhancing healthcare accessibility. A balanced approach can ensure equal participation of men and women in family planning.

SAMBHAL’S JAMA MASJID: HISTORICAL AND LEGAL DISPUTES

TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU

Sambhal’s Jama Masjid, a 16th-century Mughal-era monument in Uttar Pradesh, holds significant historical and architectural importance. Built in 1526, the mosque is at the center of long-standing legal and communal controversies, highlighting broader socio-political and religious tensions in India.

Historical Background

Construction and Patronage

• Built in 1526 by Mir Hindu Beg, an official under Emperor Babur, the Jama Masjid is one of the earliest surviving Mughal-era mosques in India.
• Its origins coincide with Sambhal’s historical prominence during Ashoka’s reign, the Delhi Sultanate, and the Mughal Empire.

Architectural Significance

• The mosque blends Sultanate architectural styles with local craftsmanship.
• Noted historians like Catherine Asher and Ebba Koch highlight its distinctive design, which prefigured later Mughal structures like those in Panipat and Ayodhya.
• Despite later renovations, its unique design remains a testament to early Mughal architecture.

Legal and Religious Controversies

• Claims of Temple Origins: Hindu claimants allege that the mosque was constructed over a Vishnu temple, pointing to features like temple-style columns and a circumambulation path (parikrama). These claims have led to legal disputes since 1878.
• Court Decisions: Courts in earlier rulings dismissed these allegations due to the lack of evidence and recognition of uninterrupted Muslim worship at the site.
• Recent petitions, however, have reignited debates, with claims of historical artifacts fuelling communal tensions.

Architectural and Scholarly Perspectives

• Diverse Views: Some historians argue that remnants of a temple may have been used in the mosque’s construction.

• Others counter that overlapping architectural styles were common in the Sultanate period, dismissing claims of deliberate appropriation.

• Historical Continuity: The mosque reflects decaying Sultanate traditions rather than intentional symbolism of a religious conflict.

Contemporary Relevance

• Ongoing Legal Disputes: Renewed petitions and communal clashes around the mosque mirror larger patterns of historical and religious contestations in India.

• The Supreme Court’s involvement underscores the sensitivity of such issues, requiring evidence-based decisions.

• Lessons for the Future: The dispute emphasizes the need for careful interpretation of shared cultural heritage and balanced adjudication to address communal sensitivities.

Conclusion
The Jama Masjid of Sambhal serves as a lens to understand the complexities of India’s architectural and historical legacies, reflecting broader socio-religious dynamics and the importance of evidence-based resolutions in polarized contexts.

HUMAN-LION COEXISTENCE IN GUJARAT

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT: INDIAN EXPRESS

The coexistence of Asiatic lions and humans in Gujarat is an extraordinary example of how wildlife and communities adapt to share space. However, rising human-lion conflicts due to increasing lion populations pose challenges to this delicate balance. A recent study highlights economic, cultural, and ecological factors enabling coexistence while emphasizing the need for proactive conservation strategies.

Factors Supporting Human-Lion Coexistence

• Economic Drivers: Wildlife tourism in Gir National Park and private lands provides significant financial benefits to local communities, encouraging tolerance toward lions.
• Cultural Practices: The tradition of abandoning old or unproductive cattle creates a supplementary food source for lions, reducing livestock predation incidents.
• Legal Protections: Strict wildlife protection laws in Gujarat support lion conservation efforts and safeguard the species’ expanding habitat.

Lion Population Growth and Its Impact

• Rising Numbers: The Asiatic lion population has grown by 6% annually, with their geographic range increasing by 36% between 2015 and 2020.

• Lions are now found in human-dominated landscapes beyond protected areas, benefiting from human-provided resources like abandoned livestock.

• Increased Conflict Risks: The expansion of the lion population has led to higher incidents of human-lion interactions, including attacks on livestock and occasional human injuries or fatalities.

Challenges and Mitigation Strategies

• Revise livestock compensation schemes to align with current market values, ensuring fair support for affected pastoralists. Introduce livestock insurance programs to provide financial security for communities.
• Use technology such as radio collars and virtual geofences to monitor lion movements in high-conflict areas, reducing risks to humans and livestock.
• Conservationists advocate relocating some lions to Madhya Pradesh to ensure genetic diversity and mitigate risks of disease outbreaks.
• Despite Supreme Court directives, the translocation has faced delays due to resistance from Gujarat, reflecting political and ecological complexities.

ASIATIC LIONS (PANTHERA LEO PERSICA)

The Asiatic lion, also referred to as the Persian or Indian lion, represents a subspecies of Panthera leo leo. Currently, it is found in the wild only in India.

Historical Distribution

• During the early 20th century, the Asiatic lion’s range became confined to Gir National Park and nearby regions in Gujarat, India.
• Historically, these lions roamed across southwest Asia and northern India. Their presence extended to Saudi Arabia, eastern Turkey, Iran, Mesopotamia, Pakistan, and regions from the Indus River to Bengal and the Narmada River until the 19th century.

Physical Characteristics

• Size:
  • Asiatic lions are marginally smaller than their African counterparts.
  • Adult males weigh between 160–190 kg, while females weigh 110–120 kg.
  • Their shoulder height averages around 3.5 feet (110 cm).
  • The maximum recorded total length for a male, including the tail, is 2.92 m (115 inches).
• Distinct Features:
  • A prominent feature unique to Asiatic lions is a longitudinal skin fold along the belly, rarely observed in African lions.
  • Their fur color ranges from ruddy-tawny and sandy to buff-grey, sometimes appearing silvery under specific lighting.
  • Males exhibit moderate mane growth, leaving their ears visible

Conclusion
The coexistence of humans and Asiatic lions in Gujarat highlights a unique balance of ecology, economy, and culture. To maintain this harmony, efforts must focus on improving community support, addressing conflicts, and implementing science-driven conservation practices. Sustainable management will ensure long-term benefits for both lions and humans.

MEASURES TAKEN BY THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT TO ADDRESS ONLINE GAMING ADDICTION AMONG CHILDREN

TOPIC: (GS2) GOVERNANCE: INDIAN EXPRESS

The increasing prevalence of online gaming addiction among children has raised significant concerns in India. This behavioural disorder adversely affects physical health, mental well-being, and academic performance.

Steps Taken by the Government

IT Rules, 2021

• The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) introduced the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, to regulate online platforms.

• Social media intermediaries are prohibited from hosting, storing, or sharing unlawful content, including material harmful to children or content related to gambling and money laundering.
• Intermediaries are required to address user grievances and remove harmful content promptly as per the rules.

Advisory by the Ministry of Education

• On 27th September 2021, the Ministry of Education issued an advisory to parents and teachers regarding the risks of online gaming addiction in children.
• Highlights of the Advisory:
  • Recognizes online gaming addiction as a gaming disorder, warning of potential mental and physical stress due to excessive gaming.
  • Encourages parents and teachers to monitor gaming habits and educate children about self-regulation and the risks involved.

Advertising Guidelines by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB)

• In December 2020, MIB issued guidelines to regulate advertisements for online gaming and fantasy sports.
• Key Regulations:
  • Advertisements must include disclaimers on financial risks and the possibility of addiction.
  • Ads should not feature minors or portray gaming as a viable career option.

Cyber Crime Reporting and Assistance

• The Ministry of Home Affairs launched the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) and the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal to handle cyber complaints.
• Additional Support: A toll-free helpline (1930) is available for reporting online complaints.

Understanding Online Gaming Addiction

• Online gaming addiction refers to compulsive gaming behaviour that disrupts daily activities and responsibilities.
• Common Signs: Preoccupation with gaming, withdrawal symptoms, loss of interest in other activities, and academic decline. Behavioural changes like social isolation and irregular sleep or eating patterns.

Impacts on Children

• Physical Health: Eye strain, obesity, and sleep deprivation.
• Mental Well-Being: Anxiety, depression, and social withdrawal.
• Academic Performance: Reduced focus and poor grades.

Prevention and Intervention

• Set limits on screen time and monitor gaming hours.
• Encourage participation in outdoor and social activities.
• Regularly review online content and maintain open communication with children.
• Early intervention is vital to address the issue effectively.

Conclusion
Online gaming addiction is a growing concern, requiring a balanced approach involving regulation, education, and awareness. The government’s initiatives, along with proactive community efforts, are essential to safeguard children’s overall well-being.

MODERNIZING SEED LAWS: THE NEED FOR A NEW SEEDS BILL AND POLICY REFORMS

TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY: INDIAN EXPRESS

India’s agriculture heavily depends on the quality of seeds, making it essential to modernize outdated seed laws and policies. During the National Seed Congress, experts, scientists, and industry representatives emphasized the need to revise the Seeds Bill, 2004, and the Seeds Policy, 2002. The goal is to align with current advancements in agriculture, address farmers’ concerns, and build a globally competitive seed industry.

Challenges with the Seeds Bill, 2004

• Obsolete Legislation: The Seeds Bill, introduced in 2004, was never enacted due to resistance from farmers. The bill does not address the technological and practical advancements made in the seed sector over the past two decades.
• Lack of Stakeholder Collaboration: Effective collaboration between public and private sectors is missing, leading to inefficiencies in providing affordable, high-quality seeds.
• Ambiguity in Definitions: Terms like “farmer seeds” and “commercial seeds” remain unclear in existing legislation, creating confusion and limiting farmers’ rights.
• Weak Seed Quality Assurance: The current seed quality system, governed by the Seeds Act of 1966 and Seeds Rules of 1968, is outdated and falls short of international standards.

Significance of Seed Quality in Indian Agriculture

• Enhanced Productivity: High-quality seeds contribute to higher crop yields, improving farmers’ profitability.
• Resilience to Adversities: Seeds with better resistance to pests, diseases, and climatic changes ensure sustainable farming practices.
• Food Security: Quality seeds play a critical role in increasing agricultural output to meet the food demand of a growing population.
• Reduced Dependence on Chemicals: Improved seed varieties can minimize the need for chemical inputs, promoting eco-friendly farming.

Key Challenges in the Seed Sector

• Outdated Policies: Existing laws, such as the Seeds Act (1966), fail to address modern agricultural needs.
• Limited Quality Assurance: Seed testing and certification standards in India are not aligned with global benchmarks.
• High Costs: Quality seeds remain out of reach for many small and marginal farmers due to their high price.
• Lack of Farmer Awareness: Many farmers are unaware of the benefits of certified seeds and modern seed varieties.

Way Forward

• Policy Reforms: Revise and modernize seed laws to incorporate technological advancements and address farmers’ concerns.
• Improved Infrastructure: Enhance seed testing, certification facilities, and quality assurance mechanisms.
• Strengthen Collaboration: Foster partnerships between public and private sectors to improve seed accessibility and affordability.
• Farmer Education: Conduct awareness programs to inform farmers about the benefits of using certified seeds and sustainable practices.

Conclusion
Modernizing seed laws and policies is critical to overcoming existing challenges in the agricultural sector. By fostering collaboration, upgrading infrastructure, and empowering farmers, India can build a resilient and competitive seed industry to ensure food security and sustainable farming.

CYCLONE FENGAL

TOPIC: (GS1) GEOGRAPHY: THE HINDU

A deep depression in the Southwest Bay of Bengal is expected to intensify into Cyclone Fengal. Warm sea surface temperatures are aiding its intensification. Cyclones in this region often carry significant implications for weather patterns and coastal safety.

Name and Origin

Name ‘Fengal’

• Proposed by Saudi Arabia, the name has roots in Arabic.
• It reflects cultural and linguistic significance.

Cyclone Naming Process

• Cyclones in the North Indian Ocean are named by a panel of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP).
• The panel consists of 13 member countries, including India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.

Name Selection

• Member countries submit a list of names.
• Names are assigned sequentially as cyclones form.
• The system, operational since 2004, ensures better communication and public awareness.

Why Naming Matters

• Easy Identification: Simplifies tracking and monitoring of cyclones.
• Effective Communication: Helps convey accurate information to the public.
• Emergency Preparedness: Ensures faster dissemination of warnings and safety measures.

Conclusion
Cyclone Fengal’s intensification highlights the importance of robust tracking systems and preparedness strategies. The naming system not only aids identification but also plays a critical role in safeguarding communities.

INDIA SHINES IN NETWORK READINESS INDEX (NRI) 2024

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: INDIAN EXPRESS

India has made significant progress in the Network Readiness Index (NRI) 2024, highlighting its advancements in digital infrastructure, innovation, and governance. Government initiatives like Digital India and BharatNet have played a key role in positioning India as a leader in digital transformation, especially in areas like AI and telecommunications.

India’s Performance in NRI 2024

• Improved Ranking: India climbed to 49th position in 2024, up from 60th in 2023. The country’s score rose to 63 from 49.93, reflecting advancements in digital policies and infrastructure.
• Top Rankings: 1st place globally in AI Scientific Publications, AI Talent Concentration, and ICT Services Exports.
• 2nd place in Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) subscriptions, mobile broadband traffic, and international internet bandwidth.
• 3rd place for domestic market scale and 4th in telecom investments.
• Leadership Among Income Groups: Ranked 2nd among lower-middle-income countries, showcasing leadership in digital progress.

Network Readiness Index (NRI): An Overview

• Purpose: The NRI evaluates 133 countries on their ability to use digital technologies for economic and social development. It focuses on Technology, People, Governance, and Impact.
• Metrics: Comprises 54 variables, including digital adoption, infrastructure, and societal benefits. Published annually by INSEAD and the World Economic Forum, it offers insights into global digital transformation.
• Significance: Guides policy decisions and investments in digital infrastructure. Highlights leaders in leveraging technology for growth.

Government Initiatives Supporting Digital Growth

• Digital India (2015): Enhanced broadband access, digital literacy, and online government services, transforming rural connectivity.
• BharatNet: Connecting 5 lakh gram panchayats with high-speed internet to reduce the rural-urban digital divide.
• 5G Rollout (2022): Boosted mobile broadband speeds, improving India’s global ranking from 118th to 15th.

Policy Support

• National Digital Communications Policy (NDCP) 2018: Focuses on connectivity and job creation.
• PM Gati Shakti: Integrates digital and physical infrastructure development.
• National AI Strategy: Positions AI as a driver for economic growth and problem-solving in healthcare and agriculture.

• Skill Development: Programs like Skill India and PMGDISHA enhance digital literacy and workforce competitiveness, especially in rural areas.

Conclusion
India’s rise in the NRI 2024 reflects its strong focus on digital transformation. With effective policies and innovative initiatives, the country is poised to lead globally in digital technology adoption and governance.

SIBERIAN DEMOISELLE CRANE

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT: INDIAN EXPRESS

The Siberian Demoiselle crane, also known as Koonj or Kurjaa in India, is the smallest species of crane.

Known for its remarkable migratory behavior, it travels vast distances between breeding and wintering grounds.

In 2024, a Demoiselle crane named Sukpak set a record by flying over 3,676 km to Rajasthan, India.

About Siberian Demoiselle Crane

Behavior: Solitary yet social, these cranes adapt to a variety of habitats.

Habitat: Found in fields, deserts, steppes, and plains near water bodies.

Distribution:

• Breeds in Central Eurasia (Black Sea to Mongolia and Northeast China).
• Winters in the Indian subcontinent and sub-Saharan Africa.

Migration:

• Most cranes enter India via Himalayan valleys and Nepal.
• Sukpak uniquely migrated through Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan before arriving in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.

Conservation Efforts in India

• Rajasthan’s Khichan village is a crucial stop for migratory birds and hosts India’s first reserve for Demoiselle cranes.
• Threats: Habitat destruction, wetland drainage, illegal trade, and hunting pressures.

Conservation Status

• IUCN: Listed as Least Concern.
• Conservation efforts aim to protect their habitats and reduce human-induced threats to ensure safe migration routes and sustainable populations.