03-September-2024-Daily-Current-Affairs

GENE OF THRONES: HOW RULERS’ GENOMES REVEAL THE RISE AND FALL OF EMPIRES

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY– SOURCE: THE HINDU

Palaeogenomics, the analysis of ancient DNA from archaeological sites, has revolutionized the understanding of human history. By studying the genetic makeup of ancient rulers and populations, researchers can unravel the complex dynamics that shaped empires, revealing how genetic factors influenced the rise, fall, and evolution of societies.

Understanding Ancient Empires through DNA

• Empires of the past are often shrouded in mystery, with historical accounts scattered and fragmented.
• Palaeogenomics provides insights by analysing ancient DNA, helping scientists reconstruct the life and times of past rulers and their kingdoms.
• Researchers can trace genetic connections among elite groups, revealing how their relationships influenced power dynamics.

       

Significance of Palaeogenomics

• The study of ancient DNA has significantly enhanced the understanding of human migration, cultural evolution, and societal changes.
• It helps decode the genetic history of ancient populations, shedding light on how empires rose and fell due to factors such as disease, conflict, and migration.
• Advances in this field have allowed scientists to sequence ancient genomes, such as a 4,000-year-old strand of hair, revealing detailed information about population dispersal.

Case Studies of Ancient Empires

Avar and Xiongnu Empires:

• Origins and Migration: DNA analysis traced Avars to Central Asia, aligning with historical records of their invasion into Europe in the 6th century.
• Social Structure: Genomic data from Xiongnu graves revealed genetic links to elite nomadic groups, suggesting a shared ancestry and mobility among Eurasian elites.

Longobards:

• Family Networks: Genetic studies on the Longobards, a Germanic tribe that ruled parts of Italy, found close familial connections among the ruling class, reflecting how kinship influenced governance.
• Cultural Integration: The research also showed diverse genetic backgrounds within Longobard societies, hinting at the integration of different ethnic groups through marriage or assimilation.

DNA AND GENOME SEQUENCING:

DNA and Its Structure

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): A chemical substance that carries instructions for growth and development in living organisms.
• Double Helix: DNA is composed of two twisted, linked strands.
• Nucleotide Bases: DNA strands consist of four bases—adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)—that form the genetic “alphabet.”

Genes and Sequencing

• Gene: A segment of DNA that contains instructions for making specific proteins.
• Sequencing: The process of determining the exact order of nucleotide bases in DNA. Only one base pair is needed to identify the other due to base-pairing rules.

Genome Sequencing

• Genome Sequencing: Decoding the order of base pairs in a DNA strand to identify genetic differences that make each organism unique.
• Whole Genome Sequencing: A procedure that sequences the entire genome of an organism, providing a complete genetic blueprint.

Key Indian Genome Sequencing InitiativesIndiGen Programme (2019):

• Aims to sequence genomes of diverse Indian ethnic groups.
• Objectives include enhancing genetic epidemiology and developing public health applications.
• Supported by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
• Helps understand genetic diversity, develop clinical applications, and study disease genetics.

Conclusion

Palaeogenomics is a powerful tool that not only fills gaps in historical records but also reshapes the way historians view ancient civilizations. By decoding the genetic secrets of past rulers and their societies, this field continues to unveil the intricate web of factors that led to the rise and fall of empires, enriching our knowledge of human history.

Multiple Choice Question:

With reference to Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), consider the following statements:

1. DNA is composed of four nucleotide bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
2. The structure of DNA is commonly referred to as a double helix.
3. DNA sequencing is the process of altering the genetic sequence to prevent genetic disorders.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. 1 and 2 only
2. 1 and 3 only
3. 2 and 3 only
4. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: a

Explanation:

DNA consists of the nucleotide bases adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).

DNA’s structure is known as a double helix.

DNA sequencing is about determining the order of bases in DNA, not altering them to prevent disorders.

SUDAN’S HUMANITARIAN CRISIS: A DEEP DIVE

TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS – SOURCE: INDIAN EXPRESS

The ongoing conflict in Sudan, which began in April 2023, has resulted in a devastating humanitarian crisis. The clash between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) has led to widespread displacement, loss of life, and a severe food shortage. This analysis provides a brief overview of the conflict’s background and its impact on the Sudanese population.

Conflict Background

• Power Struggle: The conflict stems from a long-standing power struggle between the SAF, led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and the RSF, commanded by General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo.
• Military Transition: The dispute is rooted in the military’s takeover of the government in 2021, which was intended to pave the way for a civilian-led transition.
• Integration Attempts: Efforts to integrate the RSF into the regular army have been fraught with tension, leading to the current conflict.

Humanitarian Impact

• Displacement: Millions of Sudanese have been forced to flee their homes, with over 2.1 million seeking refuge in neighbouring countries and 10.7 million becoming internally displaced.
• Casualties: The conflict has resulted in a significant loss of life, with estimates suggesting that over 15,000 people have died.
• Food Insecurity: The crisis has exacerbated existing food insecurity in Sudan, leading to a dire situation for millions. The United Nations warns that up to 10 million people could face starvation by 2027 if the situation does not improve.
• Economic Hardship: The conflict has crippled Sudan’s economy, further exacerbating the humanitarian crisis.

RECENT MILITARY COUPS IN AFRICA

Africa has seen a concerning rise in military coups in recent years. Some notable examples include:

• Niger (2023): President Mohamed Bazoum was ousted by the military in July 2023.
• Gabon (2023): President Ali Bongo Ondimba was removed from power after a disputed election in August 2023.
• Burkina Faso (2022): The country experienced two coups within a year, leading to the installation of Captain Ibrahim Traoré as interim president.
• Sudan (2021): A military coup ousted the civilian-led transitional government in October 2021.
• Guinea (2021): President Alpha Condé was overthrown by the military in September 2021.
• Mali (2020): President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta was ousted by the military in August 2020.

Conclusion

The conflict in Sudan has had a devastating impact on the lives of millions of people. The humanitarian crisis continues to worsen, with urgent action needed to address the immediate needs of the affected population and to find a lasting solution to the conflict

Multiple Choice Question:

which of the following countries does NOT share a border with the Red Sea?

1. Egypt
2. Sudan
3. Jordan
4. Iraq

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1. 1 and 2 only
2. 3 only
3. 4 only
4. 2 and 4 only

Answer:(c) 4 only

Explanation:

Egypt, Sudan, and Jordan all share coastlines along the Red Sea.

Iraq does not border the Red Sea; it is situated to the north of the Arabian Peninsula and has a small coastline along the Persian Gulf.

‘BE WARY OF MARKET FINANCIALISATION’

TOPIC: (GS3) ECONOMY – SOURCE: THE HINDU

The increasing dominance of financial markets in public policy, often referred to as financialization, has become a topic of concern for many economists. In India, the stock market’s capitalization surpassing GDP and the record profitability of the financial sector have raised questions about the potential risks and benefits of this trend.

Key Concerns Raised by Dr. Nageswaran:

• Macroeconomic Stability: Excessive financialization can pose risks to macroeconomic stability, as evidenced in many advanced economies.
• Debt Accumulation: The trend can lead to unprecedented levels of public and private debt, making the economy increasingly vulnerable to shocks.
• Growth Dependence: Economic growth may become overly dependent on asset-price inflation rather than underlying fundamentals.
• Rising Inequality: Financialization can exacerbate income inequality, as the benefits often accrue to a select few.

Balancing Act: The Need for Caution

• While financialization has contributed to India’s economic growth, it is essential to be cautious about its potential downsides. Dr. Nageswaran emphasizes the need for a balanced approach, avoiding the pitfalls experienced by other countries.

FINANCIALIZATION:

Financialization refers to the growing size and significance of a country’s financial sector relative to its overall economy. It reflects the shift from industrial capitalism to a finance-dominated economic structure.

• The term also encompasses the increasing diversity of financial transactions, instruments, and market participants, influencing every aspect of the economy.

Key Features of Financialization

• Shift Away from Industrial Capitalism: Countries have moved from manufacturing and industrial production to financial services as the dominant economic sector.
• Rise of Securitization: There has been a significant increase in the number and variety of financial instruments, leading to the growth of securitization markets.
• Emphasis on Short-Term Profits: The financial industry prioritizes short-term gains over long-term investments, such as technology and product development.

Historical Context

• Beginnings: The roots of financialization can be traced to the 1950s in the U.S., but it gained momentum in the late 20th century.
• Impact of Bretton Woods Collapse: The fall of the Bretton Woods system, which had tied currencies to the U.S. dollar and gold, led to unpredictable exchange rates and increased market speculation.
• Rise of Neoliberalism: The spread of free-market principles in the 1980s, influenced by thinkers like Milton Friedman, fuelled financialization as free trade and capital movement were emphasized.

Recommendations:

• Diversified Growth Strategy: India should focus on diversifying its growth drivers to reduce reliance on financial markets.
• Regulatory Oversight: Strengthening regulatory oversight can help mitigate risks and ensure the stability of the financial system.
• Income Redistribution: Policies aimed at reducing inequality can help address the social consequences of financialization.
• Financial Literacy: Promoting financial literacy among the population can empower individuals to make informed investment decisions.

Conclusion

Financialization presents both opportunities and challenges for India. While it can contribute to economic growth, it is essential to be mindful of its potential risks and take proactive measures to ensure a sustainable and inclusive financial system.

Multiple Choice Question:

Which of the following factors are essential for maintaining macroeconomic stability in a country?

1. Controlled inflation rates
2. Sustainable fiscal deficit
3. Stable exchange rate
4. High trade deficits
5. Consistent GDP growth

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1. 1, 2, 3, and 5 only
2. 1, 3, 4, and 5 only
3. 2, 3, 4, and 5 only
4. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

Answer: (a) 1, 2, 3, and 5 only

Explanation:

Controlled inflation rates help maintain purchasing power and economic stability.

Sustainable fiscal deficits ensure that the government does not overspend beyond its means, which is crucial for economic health.

Stable exchange rates reduce uncertainty in international trade and investment.

Consistent GDP growth reflects economic progress and stability.

High trade deficits are not desirable as they can lead to external vulnerabilities and are not conducive to macroeconomic stability.

DIGITAL AGRICULTURE MISSION: A TECHNOLOGICAL LEAP FOR INDIA’S AGRICULTURE

TOPIC: (GS3) AGRICULTURE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY: – SOURCE: THE HINDU

The Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM) is a significant initiative by the Indian government aimed at transforming the country’s agricultural sector through technology. By leveraging digital tools and data, the DAM seeks to improve efficiency, productivity, and the overall welfare of farmers.

Key Components of the DAM:

• AgriStack: This foundational platform will integrate various digital services and data related to agriculture, providing a comprehensive ecosystem for farmers and stakeholders.
• Krishi Decision Support System (DSS): This system will offer farmers access to real-time information on weather, soil conditions, and crop health, enabling them to make informed decisions.
• Soil Profile Maps: Detailed soil maps will provide insights into soil composition and suitability for different crops, guiding sustainable agricultural practices.
• Digital Crop Surveys: Mobile-based surveys will collect accurate data on crops planted, enabling better crop estimation and policy planning.
• Farmers’ Registry: A unique digital identity for each farmer will streamline access to government schemes, loans, and other benefits.
• Geo-Referenced Village Maps: These maps will link geographic information with land records, facilitating efficient land management and resource allocation.

Benefits of the DAM:

• Increased Efficiency: Automation of tasks, such as land record maintenance and crop monitoring, will reduce manual labor and improve efficiency.
• Improved Decision-Making: Access to real-time data and analytics will empower farmers to make informed decisions regarding crop selection, irrigation, and pest control.
• Enhanced Productivity: Advanced technologies, such as precision agriculture, can optimize resource utilization and increase yields.
• Better Market Access: Digital platforms can connect farmers directly to markets, reducing intermediaries and improving price realization.
• Risk Mitigation: Accurate crop estimates and weather forecasting can help mitigate risks associated with natural disasters and market fluctuations.
• Sustainable Agriculture: The DAM promotes sustainable practices by providing data-driven insights for efficient resource management and reduced environmental impact.

Challenges and Way Forward:

• Digital Divide: Ensuring equitable access to digital technologies for all farmers, especially those in remote areas, is crucial.
• Data Privacy: Protecting farmers’ data and ensuring its confidentiality is essential to build trust and encourage participation.
• Infrastructure Development: Investing in robust internet connectivity and digital infrastructure is vital for the successful implementation of the DAM.

Conclusion:

The Digital Agriculture Mission represents a significant step towards modernizing India’s agriculture sector. By harnessing the power of technology, the DAM has the potential to transform the lives of millions of farmers and contribute to the country’s overall development. Addressing the challenges and ensuring effective implementation will be crucial for realizing the full potential of this ambitious initiative.

UNIFIED LENDING INTERFACE (ULI): A DIGITAL REVOLUTION IN INDIAN LENDING

TOPIC: (GS3) INDIAN ECONOMY: – SOURCE: THE HINDU

The Unified Lending Interface (ULI), launched by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), is a groundbreaking digital platform designed to streamline the lending process for farmers and MSMEs in India. By leveraging technology and data, the ULI aims to improve access to credit, reduce turnaround times, and enhance the overall lending experience.

Key Features of the ULI:

• Data Aggregation: The ULI collects and integrates data from various sources, including government databases, satellite imagery, and financial institutions.
• Standardized APIs: The platform utilizes standardized Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to ensure seamless data sharing and interoperability.
• Digital Onboarding: Borrowers can complete the loan application process online, reducing paperwork and eliminating the need for physical visits.
• Quick Disbursement: Once approved, loans can be disbursed swiftly, often in a matter of minutes or hours.
• Risk Assessment: The ULI uses data analytics to assess borrower risk, enabling lenders to make more informed decisions.

Benefits for Farmers and MSMEs:

• Improved Access to Credit: The ULI can help address the credit gap faced by farmers and MSMEs, especially those in rural areas.
• Reduced Turnaround Times: The streamlined process eliminates the need for extensive documentation and reduces the time it takes to obtain a loan.
• Lower Costs: By reducing paperwork and operational costs, the ULI can help borrowers access loans at more affordable rates.

Benefits for Lenders:

• Enhanced Efficiency: The ULI automates many aspects of the lending process, improving operational efficiency and reducing costs.
• Improved Risk Management: The platform provides lenders with better data and analytics to assess borrower risk and mitigate losses.
• Expanded Customer Base: By simplifying the lending process, the ULI can help lenders reach a wider range of borrowers.

Conclusion

The Unified Lending Interface represents a significant step forward in India’s financial sector. By leveraging technology and data, the ULI has the potential to revolutionize the way credit is accessed and delivered, benefiting both borrowers and lenders. As the platform continues to evolve, it is expected to play a crucial role in driving economic growth and financial inclusion in the country.

DEALINGS AT A CHINA-AFRICA FORUM THAT INDIA MUST TRACK

TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: – SOURCE: THE HINDU

The ninth Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) is scheduled to take place in Beijing from September 4-6, 2024. This event comes at a time when Africa is facing numerous challenges, including economic instability, geopolitical tensions, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. India, as a major player in the global South, has a significant stake in Africa’s development and stability.

Key Takeaways for India from the FOCAC:

• Africa’s Evolving Dynamics: India must recognize the changing dynamics within Africa, including the growing influence of regional economic communities and the increasing assertiveness of African leaders.
• Shifting Priorities: African countries are increasingly prioritizing trade, investment, and value addition over traditional aid. India should align its engagement with these evolving priorities.
• Strategic Partnerships: India should strengthen its strategic partnerships with key African countries, focusing on areas of mutual interest such as agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and technology.
• Innovative Financing: India should explore innovative financing mechanisms, such as public-private partnerships and blended finance, to support its investments in Africa.
• Technology Transfer: India can leverage its expertise in information technology, renewable energy, and agriculture to support Africa’s development.
• Addressing Debt Challenges: India should work with African countries and international financial institutions to address the growing debt burden and promote sustainable debt management.
• Enhanced Engagement: India should increase its engagement with African regional organizations, such as the African Union, to strengthen its influence and understanding of African perspectives.

Conclusion

The FOCAC provides a valuable platform for India to engage with African countries and strengthen its partnership with the continent. By carefully analysing the trends and dynamics at play, India can develop a more effective and strategic approach to its engagement with Africa. By focusing on areas of mutual interest, promoting sustainable development, and addressing the challenges faced by African countries, India can contribute to the continent’s growth and stability.

NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TO MAP GENETIC BLUEPRINT OF INDIGENOUS CATTLE

TOPIC: (GS3) AGRICULTURE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY: – SOURCE: THE HINDU

The National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), under the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), is spearheading efforts to enhance the health and conservation of indigenous cattle breeds and develop advanced biotechnological solutions for the livestock sector. These initiatives aim to boost India’s livestock-based economy, food security, and public health.

Key Initiatives

Genetic Conservation of Cattle Breeds:

• NIAB is using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and genotyping technology to decode genetic blueprints and establish molecular signatures for indigenous cattle breeds.
• This effort aids in breed identification, conservation, and maintaining breed purity.

Vaccine Development:

• Focus on creating next-generation vaccine platforms to prevent livestock diseases like brucellosis, which impact both animal health and public health.
• These vaccines aim to reduce economic losses due to disease outbreaks in livestock.

BioE3 Policy Alignment:

• NIAB’s R&D aligns with the BioE3 policy, focusing on biotechnology for economy, environment, and employment to boost bio-manufacturing.
• It aims to position India as a global leader through biotechnological interventions.

Support for Industry and Start-ups:

• NIAB collaborates with industries and biotech start-ups to develop animal vaccines, diagnostics, and innovative biomolecules, transforming India’s livestock economy.

Advanced Bio-Scaffolds and Therapeutics:

• Production of bio-scaffolds, both natural and 3D-printed, for tissue repair, cell/drug delivery, and therapeutic interventions using animal stem cells.
• Developed a ‘bovine primary lung cell-based 3D-pulmosphere model’ for bovine tuberculosis and anti-TB drug screening.

Biomarkers for TB Susceptibility:

• Research on generating biomarkers of susceptibility and resistance to tuberculosis in native and crossbred cattle to improve disease management.

Alternative Antibiotics:

• Exploration of bacteriophages and lytic proteins as alternatives to antibiotics for targeting mastitis pathogens such as staphylococci, E. coli, and streptococci.

Conclusion

NIAB’s initiatives reflect a strategic approach to leverage biotechnology for livestock health, economic growth, and environmental sustainability, aiming to fortify India’s position in the global bio-economy landscape.

ODISHA GOVT. MOVES TO IDENTIFY BANGLADESHI NATIONALS IN THE STATE

TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY AND GOVERNANCE: – SOURCE: THE HINDU

The Odisha government has intensified efforts to identify Bangladeshi nationals residing illegally in the State, following directives from the Chief Minister. Special teams have been formed to address the issue in response to security concerns and rising infiltration.

Formation of Special Teams:

• District Collectors and Superintendents of Police have been instructed to set up special teams to identify Bangladeshi intruders across Odisha.

Current Status of Identification:

• As of 2021, 3,740 Bangladeshi nationals were identified in the State.
• Highest numbers are in Kendrapara (1,649) and Jagatsinghpur (1,112).
• Other significant numbers are in Malkangiri (655) and Nabarangpur (106).

HOW INDIA GOVERNMENT PROCEED WITH ILLEGAL MIGRANTS

The Indian government has a comprehensive approach to dealing with illegal migrants, which involves a combination of legal procedures, deportation efforts, and measures to address the root causes of illegal migration.Legal Procedures:

• Detention: Illegal migrants caught crossing borders or residing in the country without valid documentation are typically detained in immigration detention centers.
• Foreigners Tribunals: Detained individuals are often sent to Foreigners Tribunals, where they must prove their citizenship or face deportation.
• Deportation: If an individual is found to be an illegal immigrant, they are deported back to their country of origin.

Deportation Under Consideration:

• The deportation of identified Bangladeshi nationals is currently under government review.

Enhanced Vigilance:

• Eighteen marine police stations are actively monitoring infiltration through sea routes.
• Surveillance has been intensified after unrest in Bangladesh, with inputs from State and Central intelligence, the Coast Guard, and the Indian Navy.

Community Involvement:

• Fishermen have been advised to report any suspicious activities at sea.

Conclusion

The Odisha government’s proactive measures highlight the State’s commitment to securing its borders and addressing illegal immigration, particularly through enhanced monitoring and community vigilance.