05-October-2024-Daily-Current-Affairs

INDIA’S 5 NEW CLASSICAL LANGUAGES: WHAT THE TAG MEANS

TOPIC: (GS1) CULTURE: INDIAN EXPRESS

Recently, the Union Cabinet extended the “Classical Language” status to five new languages: Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali. This designation comes with significant cultural and academic benefits, enhancing the preservation and promotion of these languages. Prior to this announcement, Tamil, Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Odia were the only languages recognized under this prestigious category.

Concept of “Classical Language”

• The concept of “Classical Language” arose in response to demands from various states and linguistic communities.
• In 2004, Tamil became the first Indian language to receive this status due to its ancient heritage and rich literary traditions.

Criteria for “Classical Language” Status

• Historical Antiquity: The language must possess early texts and recorded history dating back at least 1500-2000 years.
• Ancient Literature: A significant body of ancient literature or texts must exist, representing the heritage of a community or society.
• Epigraphical Evidence: The language should have extensive epigraphical or inscriptional records.
• Continuity of Tradition: While the language should be distinct from its modern form, there must be a continuous literary tradition.

Recent Additions: Why These Languages?

Marathi:

• The inclusion of Marathi comes just weeks before the state assembly elections, although the demand was forwarded by the Maharashtra government in 2013.
• Marathi is derived from Maharashtri Prakrit, a dialect used in Western India and the official language of the Satavahanas.
• Scholars claim that among Indian languages, Marathi was the first to emerge. However, this claim is debated.
• The oldest evidence of Maharashtri Prakrit dates back to the 1st century BCE, and modern Marathi’s lineage is traceable to a copper-plate inscription from Satara, dating to 739 CE.

Bengali and Assamese:

• Both the West Bengal and Assam governments sought “classical” status for their respective languages.
• Both languages trace their origins to Magadhi Prakrit, a form of Prakrit spoken in East India. This was also the official language of the Magadha court.
• Scholars link the emergence of these languages to early forms of Prakrit between the 6th and 12th centuries.
• Bengali and Assamese evolved from a common linguistic heritage, although they became distinct in the 2nd millennium CE.

Prakrit and Pali:

• Prakrit is not a single language but refers to a group of closely related Indo-Aryan languages that were widely spoken by the masses between the 6th and 12th centuries.
• These vernaculars were simpler than Sanskrit, serving as the language of common people and non-Vedic religions, such as Jainism and Buddhism.
• Pali, closely linked to Prakrit, was the language of the Theravada Buddhist Canon and spread across various countries like Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Thailand.

Significance of the “Classical Language” Tag

Cultural and Academic Promotion:

• Recognizing a language as classical enables focused efforts for its preservation, documentation, and study. This benefits both national and international audiences.
• Research centers dedicated to classical languages are established to encourage deeper exploration of the literature, history, and evolution of these languages.

Dedicated Institutes and Funding:

• Various institutions, such as the Central Institute of Classical Tamil, are set up to promote and translate ancient texts.
• Similar institutions exist for other classical languages like Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, and Odia.
• Newly designated classical languages will also benefit from similar measures, promoting their study and increasing their global visibility.

Preservation of Heritage:

• The National Education Policy (NEP) encourages the inclusion of classical languages in school curriculums, ensuring younger generations have access to these ancient linguistic treasures.
• Manuscripts and historical texts will be digitized and made more accessible to scholars, fostering more research in these fields.

Conclusion

The inclusion of Marathi, Bengali, Assamese, Pali, and Prakrit as classical languages marks a significant step in preserving India’s rich linguistic diversity. These languages, with their deep-rooted historical and literary significance, represent India’s cultural heritage. The “Classical Language” status ensures that these languages receive the attention, research, and resources necessary for their continued preservation and promotion. This designation not only enriches India’s cultural landscape but also emphasizes the importance of languages as carriers of historical knowledge and tradition.

Multiple choice question:

1. Which of the following are the criteria for declaring a language as a “Classical Language” by the Government of India?

1. High antiquity of its early texts or recorded history over a period of 1500-2000 years.
2. A rich and distinct literary tradition that is considered a heritage.
3. The language should not have undergone significant linguistic changes over time.
4. Original texts and inscriptions in the language should have historical importance.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1. 1, 2, and 3 only
2. 1, 2, and 4 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 2, 3, and 4 only

Answer: B
Explanation:
The criteria for declaring a language as classical include:

High antiquity of early texts or recorded history over a period of 1500-2000 years.

A body of ancient literature or texts that are considered a valuable heritage.

Knowledge of the original texts and inscriptions, along with historical importance.

PUMPED HYDROPOWER PROJECTS IN THE WESTERN GHATS

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT: INDIAN EXPRESS

The Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, are a fragile ecosystem crucial for India’s biodiversity and water resources.

The recent decision by the Union Environment Ministry’s expert panel to mandate site visits before granting final clearances to pumped hydropower projects (PSPs) in this region is a significant step toward protecting this delicate environment.

What are Pumped Hydropower Projects (PSPs)?

• PSPs are a type of hydroelectric power plant that stores energy by pumping water from a lower reservoir to a higher reservoir during off-peak hours when electricity demand is low.
• This stored water is then released through turbines to generate electricity during peak demand periods.

Why are PSPs Proposed in the Western Ghats?

• The government has been promoting the expansion of PSPs to address the variability of solar and wind energy in the electricity grid.
• These projects can help balance the supply and demand of electricity, ensuring a stable power supply.

Concerns Regarding PSPs in the Western Ghats

• Environmental Impact: The construction of PSPs involves significant environmental disturbances, including blasting, tunneling, diversion of forest land, and potential impacts on sensitive ecosystems.
• Water Scarcity: The Western Ghats are already facing water scarcity issues, and the construction of PSPs may further strain water resources.
• Impact on Biodiversity: The region’s rich biodiversity is at risk due to habitat destruction and fragmentation caused by PSPs.
• Cumulative Impacts: The cumulative impacts of multiple PSPs in the region could be substantial, posing a significant threat to the Western Ghats’ fragile ecosystem.

Expert Panel’s Decision

• The expert panel has recognized the environmental concerns associated with PSPs in the Western Ghats and has decided to mandate site visits before granting final clearances.
• This decision is crucial to ensure that the potential impacts of these projects are thoroughly assessed and mitigated.

Key Points:

• The Union Environment Ministry’s expert panel has mandated site visits for PSPs in the Western Ghats.
• PSPs can help balance the electricity grid but have significant environmental impacts.
• The Western Ghats are a fragile ecosystem with rich biodiversity and water resources.
• The expert panel’s decision is a crucial step toward protecting this sensitive region.

Gadgil Committee (Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel)

• Establishment: Appointed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 2010 under the chairmanship of Madhav Gadgil.
• Mandate: To assess the ecological status of the Western Ghats and recommend measures for its conservation and sustainable development.
• Recommendations:

• 1. Declare the entire Western Ghats as an Ecologically Sensitive Zone (ESZ).
  2. Establish a Western Ghats Ecology Authority (WGEA) with statutory powers.
  3. Implement a three-tiered zoning system (core, buffer, and peripheral zones) for the Western Ghats.
  4. Promote sustainable development practices, including organic farming and eco-tourism.
• Controversies: The Gadgil Report faced opposition from some states and industries due to its stringent recommendations.
• Implementation: The recommendations of the Gadgil Report have been partially implemented, with some states adopting modified versions.

Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP)

• Establishment: A high-level working group appointed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 2012 under the chairmanship of Kasturirangan.
• Mandate: To review the Gadgil Report and suggest modifications to make it more practical and acceptable to the states.
• Recommendations:

• 1. Reduce the area under the ESZ category.
  2. Allow for limited development activities in certain areas.
  3. Establish a Western Ghats Development Authority (WGDA) with a focus on sustainable development.
• Controversies: The Kasturirangan Report was criticized for being less stringent than the Gadgil Report, leading to concerns about environmental protection.
• Implementation: The Kasturirangan Report was accepted by the central government, and its recommendations have been implemented to some extent.

Conclusion

The decision to mandate site visits for PSPs in the Western Ghats is a positive step toward ensuring that these projects are developed in a sustainable manner. It is essential to carefully evaluate the environmental impacts of PSPs and prioritize the protection of this vital ecosystem.

Multiple choice question:

1. Consider the following statements regarding the Western Ghats:

1. The Western Ghats are a UNESCO World Heritage site, recognized for their biodiversity.
2. The Western Ghats extend over six states in India.
3. They are a continuous mountain range from Gujarat to Kerala.
4. The Western Ghats significantly influence the monsoon climate in India.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1, 2, and 4 only
4. 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer: C
Explanation:

• The Western Ghats are recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site for their rich biodiversity.
• The Western Ghats span across six states—Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.
• The Western Ghats are not a continuous mountain range; there are gaps like the Palghat Gap.
• The Western Ghats play a significant role in influencing India’s monsoon patterns, particularly the southwest monsoon.

SUPREME COURT’S STAND ON FREEDOM OF THE PRESS AND JOURNALISTS’ RIGHTS

TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY: THE HINDU

In a democratic nation, freedom of the press is a critical pillar supporting the right to free expression and keeping power in check. Recently, the Supreme Court of India reaffirmed the protection of journalists under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution, emphasizing that critical reporting of the government cannot be criminalized. This decision comes in the wake of a petition by a journalist, Abhishek Upadhyay, who faced criminal charges for publishing an article questioning caste-based biases in administrative appointments in Uttar Pradesh.

Key Takeaways

Journalists’ Rights and Article 19(1)(a):

• The Supreme Court emphasized that freedom of speech, especially for journalists, is protected under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution, which guarantees the right to freedom of expression.
• It noted that journalists play a crucial role in holding the government accountable and providing necessary information to the public. Therefore, merely criticizing the government cannot be a reason for criminal prosecution.

SC’s Observations on Criminal Charges:

• The Court highlighted that criminal charges should not be imposed on journalists simply because their work criticizes or questions government policies or actions. Such actions against journalists violate the principles of freedom of speech in a democracy.
• The SC’s observations are significant in protecting the role of the media in challenging power without fear of retribution. This judgment underlines that constructive criticism of the government is integral to a healthy democracy.

Context of the Case:

• A journalist was charged by the Uttar Pradesh Police for an article alleging caste bias in administrative appointments, accused of violating legal provisions related to the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita and the IT Act.
• The journalist contended that the FIR was politically motivated, aiming to stifle legitimate criticism, and argued that it undermined media freedom by portraying the Chief Minister as beyond reproach.

Judicial Interpretation of the Case

Media as the Fourth Pillar of Democracy:

• The Supreme Court reiterated the critical role of the media in a democracy. By acting as the fourth estate, the media ensures transparency and accountability in governance.
• The Court underlined that journalistic freedom must be respected and upheld, and that criminal prosecution cannot be used as a tool to silence critical voices.

Significance of Article 19(1)(a):

• Article 19(1)(a) protects the right to free speech, which includes the right to publish opinions, reports, and criticism of governmental actions.
• The Court’s ruling reaffirmed that criticism, even if harsh, is a fundamental aspect of free speech and cannot be grounds for criminal charges unless it crosses into defamation or incitement of violence.

Criticism of Government Policies:

• The SC clarified that criticism of government policies or public figures does not equate to criminal defamation or offense under any law.
• Democratic governments should be able to handle scrutiny from the press, as it is essential for public welfare and informed decision-making.

Importance of the Verdict

Strengthening Freedom of Expression:

• This judgment strengthens the freedom of expression guaranteed under the Constitution by providing a clear directive that journalists cannot be penalized for critical reporting.
• It sends a message to law enforcement agencies to be cautious when filing criminal cases against journalists, ensuring that freedom of the press is not curtailed by frivolous complaints.

Safeguarding Democracy:

• A free press is a vital element of democracy, and the judiciary plays a key role in safeguarding press freedom. By barring coercive actions against journalists, the Court ensures that dissenting voices and investigative reporting remain protected.

Protection from Frivolous FIRs:

• The Court’s ruling also indirectly calls for a reevaluation of the misuse of FIRs as tools of harassment or intimidation. FIRs, when filed without proper grounds, can become a means to suppress dissent and infringe upon individual liberties, which must be avoided in a democratic setup.

RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION:

• Constitutional Basis:
  The right to freedom of speech and expression is guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution. It allows every citizen to express their opinions freely without fear of censorship or punishment.
• Reasonable Restrictions:
  Article 19(2) provides for reasonable restrictions on this right in the interests of the sovereignty, integrity, and security of India, public order, decency, morality, defamation, contempt of court, and incitement to an offence.
• Importance in Democracy:
  Freedom of speech is fundamental to a democratic society, as it allows citizens to critique the government, raise awareness about issues, and promote transparency and accountability.

Landmark Judgements:

• Romesh Thappar vs. State of Madras (1950): The Supreme Court ruled that freedom of speech and expression is essential for the proper functioning of a democracy and cannot be curtailed without valid reasons.
• Shreya Singhal vs. Union of India (2015): The court struck down Section 66A of the IT Act, declaring it unconstitutional, as it violated free speech by allowing arbitrary arrests over online posts.
• Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India (1978): This case expanded the scope of freedom of speech and personal liberty under Article 21, stating that laws restricting free speech must pass the test of fairness and reasonableness.

Conclusion

The Supreme Court’s ruling serves as a crucial reminder of the importance of press freedom in maintaining a healthy democracy. Journalists must be able to perform their duties without the threat of criminal prosecution merely for criticizing the government. The media, as the watchdog of democracy, should be empowered to hold the government accountable and provide the public with unbiased, accurate information.

Multiple choice questions:

1. Which of the following statements regarding the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression in India is/are correct?

1. It is guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution.
2. The right is absolute and cannot be restricted under any circumstances.
3. Reasonable restrictions can be imposed on this right in the interests of public order and morality.
4. The right to freedom of speech includes the freedom of the press.

Select the correct answer using the code below:

1. 1 and 3 only
2. 1, 2, and 4 only
3. 1, 3, and 4 only
4. 2, 3, and 4 only

Answer: C

Explanation:

The right to freedom of speech and expression is enshrined in Article 19(1)(a).

The right is subject to reasonable restrictions as outlined in Article 19(2).

Reasonable restrictions can be imposed in the interest of public order, morality, etc.

The freedom of the press is included under the right to freedom of speech.

WEED MANAGEMENT AND CROP LOSSES IN INDIA: FSII STUDY

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT: INDIAN EXPRESS

Weeds pose a significant challenge to crop production in India, contributing to substantial losses in crop yield and productivity. According to a study conducted by the Federation of Seed Industry of India (FSII), the annual losses due to weeds amount to ₹92,000 crore (approximately $11 billion). Weeds not only hinder crop growth but also increase farming costs. This study sheds light on the impact of weeds on agriculture and provides recommendations for effective weed management strategies.

Impact of Weeds on Crop Production

Significant Yield Losses:

• Weeds are responsible for approximately 25-26% of yield losses in kharif crops and 18-25% in rabi crops across India.
• These losses occur due to the competitive nature of weeds, which fight with crops for essential resources like sunlight, nutrients, and water.

Financial Impact:

• The study estimates that weeds cause financial losses amounting to ₹92,000 crore annually.
• This loss translates to about $11 billion, significantly affecting the agricultural economy and farmer livelihoods.

Crops Affected:

• The study examined seven key crops, including rice, wheat, maize, cotton, sugarcane, soybean, and mustard.
• These crops are particularly vulnerable to weed-related losses, which are further amplified by poor weed control measures.

Study Details

Research Scope:

• The study was conducted across 30 districts in 11 states of India, reflecting a diverse range of agricultural practices and challenges.
• A total of 3,200 farmers were interviewed, along with 300 agricultural dealers, Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), and officials from the agriculture departments.

Methodology:

• The researchers, N.T. Yaduraju, M.R. Hegde, and A.R. Sadananda, collected data on the challenges faced by farmers in managing weeds and the financial burden of weed control.
• Various weed management techniques and their effectiveness were also assessed during the study.

Current Weed Control Practices

Cost of Weed Control:

• The study found that the cost of weed management per acre varies from ₹3,700 to ₹7,900, depending on the crop and region.
• These costs include manual weed removal, herbicides, and other traditional practices.

Challenges:

• Weeds emerge even before the crops, utilizing scarce resources like water and nutrients. This early emergence creates competition for resources right from the preparatory tillage stage to the post-harvest stage.
• In addition to increasing costs, weeds contribute to crop losses and are the most significant biotic stress factor for farmers.

Recommendations for Improved Weed Management

Technology-Led Solutions:

• The study advocates for the use of new, technology-driven strategies to manage weeds effectively.
• Advanced herbicides, mechanization, and precision farming techniques can reduce the impact of weeds on crop production.

Herbicide Usage:

• The report emphasizes the importance of using herbicides as part of an integrated weed management approach.
• Herbicides are more effective than manual weeding and can significantly reduce labor costs while improving efficiency.

Mechanized Weed Removal:

• Mechanization, including the use of specialized tools and machines for weed removal, can reduce dependency on manual labor and increase the speed of weed control.
• This approach is particularly beneficial for large-scale farming operations.

Biological Control:

• The study suggests the use of biological control methods, such as introducing natural weed predators, as a sustainable solution to weed problems.
• Biological controls can help reduce the need for chemical herbicides and create a more eco-friendly weed management system.

Crop Rotation and Cover Cropping:

• Crop rotation, which involves alternating different crops in the same field across seasons, can naturally reduce weed populations by disrupting their growth cycles.
• Cover cropping, where farmers plant certain crops that suppress weed growth, is another recommended practice.

Cost Reduction:

• By adopting these innovative practices, farmers can potentially lower their weed control costs by 40-60%, according to the study.

Role of ICAR and FSII

ICAR’s Directorate of Weed Research:

• The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), through its Directorate of Weed Research, has been instrumental in conducting research on weed management.
• The collaboration between ICAR and FSII aims to bring modern weed control technologies and strategies to Indian farmers.

FSII’s Role:

• FSII commissioned the study to highlight the challenges posed by weeds and provide solutions for farmers.
• The organization is actively involved in promoting the adoption of seed technologies and weed management practices that can improve crop productivity.

Conclusion

Weeds remain a significant challenge to Indian agriculture, causing major financial and productivity losses. The study by FSII underlines the need for modern, technology-based weed control strategies to combat this issue. With effective weed management techniques, including herbicides, mechanization, biological control, crop rotation, and cover cropping, farmers can reduce their costs and enhance productivity.

DISCONTINUATION OF KOLKATA’S TRAM SERVICE

TOPIC: (GS1) CULTURE: PIB

Recently, the West Bengal government announced the discontinuation of Kolkata’s tram service after 151 years, with only a short stretch from Maidan to Esplanade retained as a heritage route for tram enthusiasts.

Key Facts About Kolkata’s Tram Service

• Definition of Tram: A tram is a rail-based urban transit system that transports passengers along metal tracks embedded in roadways.
• Historical Overview:
  • The first horse-drawn trams began operations in Kolkata on February 24, 1873, covering a distance of 3.9 kilometers from Sealdah to Armenian Ghat.
  • The Calcutta Tramways Company was established in London in 1880 to manage tram services in the city.
• Electrification and Expansion:
  • On March 27, 1902, Kolkata launched its first electric tramcar, connecting Esplanade and Kidderpore, marking Asia’s inaugural electric tram service.
  • By the early 20th century, the tram network expanded significantly, including routes over the Howrah Bridge, which it first crossed in 1946.
• Cultural Significance:
  • Trams are portrayed in notable works, such as Satyajit Ray’s 1964 film “Mahanagar” and other films that showcase Kolkata’s cultural landscape.
  • In 2020, Kolkata introduced India’s first electric tram library, demonstrating the tram’s role in modern urban culture.
• Celebration of Legacy: In 2023, the city celebrated 150 years of tram services with “Tramjatra 2023,” a week-long event honouring this iconic transport system.
• Decline of Tram Services: From the 1970s onward, the growing number of cars and buses contributed to traffic congestion on Kolkata’s narrow streets, rendering trams less practical.

Trams in Other Indian Cities

• Other cities in India, such as Bombay (1874), Madras (1895), Delhi (1904), Kanpur (1914), and Poona, also had tram services, but these were phased out between 1933 and 1964, leaving Kolkata as the only city to retain its tram system.

Global Comparisons

• Cities like Melbourne, Lisbon, San Francisco, Amsterdam, Zurich, and Berlin maintain operational tram services, with Melbourne featuring the oldest tram network, which began in 1885.

Reasons for Longevity in Kolkata

• Narrow Streets: The city’s narrow roads and historic buildings limited the expansion of other transport networks, making trams a viable option.
• Low Car Ownership: Compared to other metropolitan areas, Kolkata has a lower rate of car ownership, maintaining demand for cost-effective public transportation like trams.
• Affordable Fare: The low ticket prices for tram rides further supported their prolonged use in the city.

Conclusion

The tram service in Kolkata has been a significant part of the city’s history and cultural identity, reflecting its evolution and the challenges of urban transportation. Despite its discontinuation, the heritage stretch will preserve a piece of Kolkata’s unique transit legacy.

MAHARASHTRA GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY FOR GAUSHALAS

TOPIC: (GS3) AGRICULTURE: INDIAN EXPRESS

Maharashtra introduces a daily subsidy of ₹50 for gaushalas caring for indigenous cows. Aims to preserve indigenous cow populations vital for agriculture and culture.

Indigenous Cattle Breeds of India

• Diversity: India has 50 indigenous bovine breeds, comprising 37 cattle and 13 buffalo breeds.
• Milch Breeds: Some examples include Sahiwal, Gir, Red Sindhi, Tharparkar, and Rathi, specifically raised for milk.
• Draught Breeds: Kankrej, Ongole, and Hariana are examples used for heavy labor in agriculture.

Unique Characteristics of Indian Cows

• Hump: Indian cows possess a hump that aids in load-bearing, unlike foreign breeds.
• Dewlap: This fold of loose skin enhances heat resistance in indigenous cattle.
• Dung Utility: Indian cow dung is valuable in agriculture and medicine, whereas foreign cow dung lacks utility.

Implementation Details

• Oversight: The subsidy program will be managed by the Goseva Ayog, with district committees supervising it.
• Application Process: Eligible gaushalas must apply online, with subsidies paid after verification.

Decline in Indigenous Cows

• Population Decline: Maharashtra saw an 8.7% reduction in indigenous cow populations between 2012 and 2019.
• Uncertainty in Subsidy: It’s unclear if the subsidy applies to all cows or only certified indigenous breeds.

Indigenous vs. Nondescript Breeds

• Definitions: Indigenous cows are recognized breeds, while nondescript cows do not have specific breed characteristics.
• Nondescript Cattle: Many of Maharashtra’s cattle are nondescript, including breeds like Khillari and Deoni.

Milk Production and Economic Impact

• Production Comparison: Indigenous cows average 3.44 kg of milk daily, significantly lower than 8.55 kg from crossbred varieties.
• Farmer Income: Lower milk yield affects farmers’ earnings and economic choices.

Political Context

• BJP Agenda: Conservation of indigenous breeds aligns with BJP policies, highlighted by the National Gokul Mission.
• Election Timing: The subsidy announcement coincides with upcoming state elections, aiming to attract rural voters.

RASHTRIYA GOKUL MISSION

• Initiative Start: Launched in December 2014 for the development and conservation of indigenous bovine breeds.
• Continuation: Extended under the Rashtriya Pashudhan Vikas Yojna from 2021 to 2026 with a ₹2400 crore budget.
• Nodal Ministry: Managed by the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.

Objectives of the Mission

• Productivity Improvement: Enhance bovine productivity and sustainable milk production using advanced technologies.
• Breeding Promotion: Promote high genetic merit bulls for better breeding.
• Artificial Insemination: Strengthen AI services to farmers for better coverage.
• Conservation Focus: Support scientific and holistic rearing and conservation of indigenous cattle and buffalo.

Conclusion

Despite the subsidy’s intent, issues regarding milk production and farmer income remain. Higher milk prices are crucial for sustaining the livestock economy.

IRENA’S 2024 REPORT

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT: PIB

India’s renewable energy sector is witnessing remarkable growth, marked by a significant milestone in 2023 with the creation of approximately 1.02 million jobs. This development underscores the country’s commitment to advancing sustainable energy practices while contributing to the global renewable energy workforce, which expanded from 13.7 million in 2022 to 16.2 million in 2023.

Key Findings from IRENA’s 2024 Report

• Job Distribution: Hydropower created around 453,000 jobs, making it the largest employer in the sector.
• Solar Employment: The solar PV sector provided approximately 318,600 jobs, ranking India fifth globally for new installations.
• Manufacturing Capacity: India’s operational module manufacturing capacity reached 46 GW in 2023, projected to increase to 58 GW in 2024.

India’s Renewable Energy Sector Overview

• Job Milestone: In 2023, India’s renewable energy sector created approximately 1.02 million jobs.
• Global Context: India significantly contributed to the global renewable energy workforce, which rose from 13.7 million in 2022 to 16.2 million in 2023.

Importance of Renewable Energy

• Economic Growth: The renewable energy sector is vital for economic advancement and sustainable livelihoods.
• Energy Independence: It supports India’s journey towards energy independence and environmental sustainability.

Annual Electricity Generation

• Trends: India has shown a steady increase in the percentage share of renewable energy in total electricity generation.

Major Government Initiatives

• National Green Hydrogen Mission: Launched in January 2023 with ₹19,744 crore funding to position India as a global hub for green hydrogen.
• PM-KUSUM Scheme: Initiated in March 2019 to provide energy and water security for farmers, generating an estimated 7.55 lakh job-years.
• PM Surya Ghar Scheme: Launched in February 2024, offering free electricity through subsidized solar panels, expected to create around 17 lakh direct jobs.
• PLI Scheme for Solar PV Modules: Focuses on promoting high-efficiency solar PV module manufacturing at Giga Watt scale in India.

CO-DISTRICTS IN ASSAM

TOPIC: (GS2) GOVERNANCE: INDIAN EXPRESS

In a significant move to enhance administrative efficiency, the Assam government has launched 21 “co-districts.” This new initiative aims to replace the existing civil subdivisions and decentralize governance, thereby bringing administrative services closer to the citizens. Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma announced this restructuring as part of a broader plan to improve accessibility to essential services across the state.

Launch of Co-Districts in Assam

• New Initiative: Assam has launched 21 “co-districts” to enhance administrative efficiency.
• Replacement of Civil Subdivisions: This new structure replaces the previous 24 civil subdivisions.

Structure and Responsibilities

• Administrative Units: Co-districts are smaller units within districts, each led by an Assistant District Commissioner.
• Key Responsibilities: These offices will manage land revenue, development, welfare, excise, and disaster management.
• Magisterial Powers: Co-districts can issue permissions for events, ration cards, caste certificates, and land sale permits.

Rollout Plan

• Phased Implementation: The first phase includes 21 co-districts, with a total of 39 planned.
• Future Expansion: The initiative aims to cover all 126 assembly constituencies in Assam.

Goals of the Initiative

• Closer Governance: The initiative aims to bring governance closer to citizens, improving access to essential services.
• Governance Philosophy: Chief Minister Sarma termed it as “minimum government, maximum governance,” marking Assam as the first state with this decentralized model.

Conclusion

The launch of co-districts marks a transformative step in Assam’s governance model, focusing on “minimum government, maximum governance.” With plans for future expansion to cover all assembly constituencies, this initiative not only streamlines administrative functions but also empowers local communities by improving their access to vital services. As Assam pioneers this decentralized approach, it sets a precedent for other states to follow in enhancing governance and service delivery.