07-December-2024-Editorial

UNVEILING THE 80-PILLAR ASSEMBLY HALL AT KUMHRAR, PATNA

The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has initiated a significant project to uncover the remains of the 80-pillar assembly hall at Kumhrar, Patna, a site linked to the grandeur of the Mauryan empire.

This initiative not only sheds light on India’s rich historical and architectural legacy but also underscores the global significance of the Mauryan era.

About the 80-Pillar Assembly Hall

Historical Importance

• Mauryan Legacy: The 80-pillar assembly hall belongs to the Mauryan dynasty (321–185 BCE), one of India’s most influential empires.
• Role in Buddhism: Emperor Ashoka (268–232 BCE) is believed to have convened the 3rd Buddhist Council in this hall to unite Buddhist monks and spread the Dhamma (Buddhist teachings).
• Pataliputra’s Prominence: The site highlights Pataliputra’s (modern-day Patna) role as a political and cultural hub during the Mauryan reign.

Architectural Significance

• Design Features: The hall was supported by 80 intricately carved sandstone pillars with a wooden roof and floor.
• Transport of Materials: Sandstone and wood were brought via the Sone-Ganga river route, reflecting advanced logistical skills.

Archaeological Discoveries

• First Excavation (1912–1915): Revealed one intact pillar, 80 pits indicating pillar placements, and traces of fire damage, suggesting possible destruction during invasions.
• Second Excavation (1961–1965): Discovered four more pillars and provided additional insights into the structure’s layout.

Preservation Challenges

• Rising water levels led to partial submergence of the site, prompting its coverage with soil in 2004–2005 for conservation.
• The current reopening of the site is driven by improved conditions and renewed interest in Mauryan heritage.

Recent Developments

• Unveiling Process: Initial exposure of 6–7 pillars is underway to assess the impact of humidity and groundwater, guided by the Central Ground Water Board.
• Expert Committee: A committee will decide on the full restoration, balancing public access with preservation.

Highlights of Mauryan Art and Architecture

Mauryan Architectural Styles

1. Court Art: Focused on political and religious grandeur.
2. Popular Art: Reflected local traditions and daily life.

Notable Features of Court Art

Palaces:

• Megasthenes and Fa Hien praised Mauryan palaces as architectural marvels.
• Chandragupta’s palace was inspired by the Achaemenid palaces of Persepolis and primarily built of wood.

Pillars:

• Free-standing, monolithic sandstone pillars with polished surfaces.
• Capital figures like lions and bulls symbolized state power.
• Inscriptions in Pali, Prakrit, Greek, and Aramaic disseminated Buddhist teachings.
• Structure included a shaft, lotus or bell-shaped capital, abacus, and capital figure.

Stupas:

• Cylindrical drum, hemispherical mound, harmika, and chhatra represented Buddhist principles.
• Example: Sanchi Stupa (Madhya Pradesh), the most renowned Ashokan stupa.

Popular Art Contributions

Cave Architecture:

• Barabar Caves (Bihar) served as residences for monks, featuring polished interiors and decorative gateways.

Sculptures:

• Depictions of Yakshas and Yakshis revered across various religions.
• Examples: Didargunj Yakshi (Patna), Lohanipur Yaksha.

Pottery:

• Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW), with a lustrous finish, was used for luxury items.

Role of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)

• Responsibilities: Preservation, conservation, and excavation of archaeological sites and monuments.
• Acts and Laws: Operates under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act (1904) and AMASR Act (1958).
• Foundation: Established in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham, considered the “Father of Indian Archaeology.”

Significance of Uncovering Kumhrar

• Cultural Renaissance: Revives interest in the Mauryan empire’s contributions to art and governance.
• Educational Value: Enhances understanding of ancient Indian history and architecture.
• Tourism Potential: Offers opportunities to promote heritage tourism, boosting local economies.

This initiative by ASI underscores India’s commitment to preserving its historical legacy and promoting awareness of its rich cultural heritage.