09-October-2024-Daily-Current-Affairs

PHYSICS NOBEL PRIZE 2024 

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: INDIAN EXPRESS

In 2024, the Nobel Prize in Physics recognized two scientists, John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton, for their groundbreaking contributions to artificial neural networks (ANNs), which are the backbone of modern artificial intelligence (AI).

Their work has significantly advanced the field of machine learning, enabling computers to perform complex tasks such as pattern recognition, image processing, and face recognition. Although these technologies are now commonly used, the foundational research behind them started decades ago.

Key Figures:

• John Hopfield: A 91-year-old American professor at Princeton University, Hopfield made significant strides in developing artificial neural networks that mimic the brain’s functioning.
• Geoffrey Hinton: A 76-year-old British-Canadian scientist, Hinton is known for his contributions to machine learning, particularly in refining neural networks to improve tasks like image recognition and data analysis.

What are Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)?

• Mimicking the Brain: ANNs are computing systems inspired by the neural connections in the human brain. These networks process data, recognize patterns, and make decisions in ways that resemble human cognitive functions.
• Basic Structure: ANNs consist of layers—input, hidden, and output—where data is processed and decisions are made. The number of layers and neurons determines the complexity of the task the network can handle.

Achievements of Hopfield and Hinton:

• John Hopfield’s Contribution: Hopfield is known for creating the “Hopfield Network” in the 1980s. This artificial neural network mimics the way neurons interact in the brain. His work revolutionized how computers could handle tasks like denoising images and performing memory-related functions.
• Geoffrey Hinton’s Contribution: Hinton’s work on refining neural networks made significant advancements in machine learning. He introduced “backpropagation” techniques, which allow machines to learn from errors and improve their accuracy in recognizing patterns.

How Neural Networks Work:

• Input-Output System: Neural networks process information by taking an input (like an image or piece of data), passing it through hidden layers (where the data is analysed), and then producing an output (such as identifying a face or categorizing information).
• Learning from Data: The key innovation in ANNs is the ability to learn from large datasets. Machines use algorithms to detect patterns in the data and adjust their processing based on feedback, becoming more accurate with time.

Broader Impact of Their Work:

• Pattern Recognition: The work of Hopfield and Hinton is integral to pattern recognition technologies, which are widely used in tools like face recognition software, search engines, and language processing systems.
• Advances in AI: Their discoveries have laid the foundation for the modern AI revolution. Technologies like self-driving cars, voice assistants, and medical diagnostics systems all depend on advancements in machine learning powered by ANNs.

Challenges in AI Development:

• Energy and Resource Constraints: While AI has made significant progress, training neural networks can be resource-intensive, requiring massive amounts of data and computing power.
• Ethical Considerations: The rise of AI also presents challenges related to privacy, job displacement, and the ethical use of these powerful technologies.

India’s Role and Challenges:

• Blue-Sky Research: As the Nobel Prize shows, advancements in science and technology often come from long-term, blue-sky research. However, in India, limited funding and bureaucratic hurdles have stifled this type of exploratory research.
• Brain Drain: India faces a significant talent loss, with many skilled scientists and engineers moving to countries with better research infrastructure and opportunities. This has impacted the country’s ability to contribute to cutting-edge technological developments.

Conclusion:

The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics highlights the transformative impact of artificial neural networks and machine learning on modern technology. The foundational research by Hopfield and Hinton has enabled machines to perform tasks once thought to be exclusive to humans, opening new possibilities in AI. As AI continues to evolve, countries like India must invest in research and innovation to contribute to the next wave of technological breakthroughs.

Multiple choice question:

1. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the Nobel Peace Prize?

1. The Nobel Peace Prize was established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895.
2. The prize is awarded annually by the Norwegian Nobel Committee.
3. The recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize receives a medal, a diploma, and a cash award.
4. The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded exclusively to individuals.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1. A) 1, 2, and 3 only
2. B) 2, 3, and 4 only
3. C) 1, 2, 3, and 4
4. D) 1 and 3 only

Answer: A

Explanation:

the Nobel Peace Prize was indeed established by Alfred Nobel’s will. it is awarded by the Norwegian Nobel Committee. the recipient receives a medal, diploma, and cash award. However, Statement 4 is false, as the Nobel Peace Prize has also been awarded to organizations, not just individuals.

BOMBAY HC ALLOWS TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY BEYOND 20 WEEKS

TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY: INDIAN EXPRESS

In a significant decision, the Bombay High Court allowed a 23-year-old unmarried woman to terminate her pregnancy after the 20-week mark. This ruling reflects recent legal developments surrounding the reproductive rights of women in India and upholds their ability to make decisions about their health and body under certain circumstances.

Legal Background:

• Supreme Court Judgment: The case is based on the September 2022 Supreme Court judgment, which extended the right to safe and legal abortion up to 24 weeks for unmarried and single women.
• This was an important expansion of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, allowing for greater reproductive autonomy for women.

Court’s Decision:

• Health Concerns: The court was primarily guided by the petitioner’s health concerns. Two registered doctors had recommended the termination, ensuring that the decision was medically sound.
• Extension of Abortion Rights: Based on the Supreme Court’s 2022 judgment, the High Court reiterated that the right to abortion up to 24 weeks is equally applicable to unmarried women, further affirming the right of women to make decisions about their reproductive health.

Broader Implications:

• Autonomy for Women: This judgment emphasizes the legal recognition of the autonomy of unmarried women to make decisions concerning their pregnancy. The decision reinforces that women in consensual relationships have equal rights to access safe medical termination of pregnancies.
• Legal Precedent: The court’s order follows a progressive interpretation of laws, aligning with global standards on reproductive rights.

Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (MTP Act)

Termination of Pregnancy: The MTP Act allows for the termination of pregnancy under certain conditions.

Grounds for Termination:

• Medical Grounds: If continuing the pregnancy poses a risk to the woman’s life or health.
• Foetal Abnormalities: If the foetus has a substantial risk of being born with a serious physical or mental abnormality.
• Rape or Incest: If the pregnancy is a result of rape or incest.
• Other Grounds: In certain other cases, such as when the pregnancy is a result of contraceptive failure or when the woman is a minor.

Time Limits:

• Up to 20 Weeks: A pregnancy can be terminated up to 20 weeks from the date of conception.
• Beyond 20 Weeks: In exceptional cases, a pregnancy can be terminated beyond 20 weeks if the continuation of the pregnancy would involve a risk to the woman’s life or health, or if the foetus is non-viable.

Medical Professionals:

• Qualified Doctors: Only registered medical practitioners with specific qualifications can perform abortions.
• Hospital or Clinic: Abortions must be performed in a hospital or clinic with the necessary facilities and under the supervision of a qualified medical professional.

Consent:

• Woman’s Consent: The woman must give her informed consent in writing for the termination of pregnancy.
• Minor’s Consent: In the case of a minor, the consent of her guardian or parent is required.

Conclusion:

The Bombay High Court’s decision is a vital affirmation of women’s reproductive rights. It reflects a growing legal understanding of individual autonomy and the need for safe medical interventions when needed. By upholding the rights of unmarried women to seek medical termination beyond 20 weeks, the court ensures that the evolving needs of society and women’s health are addressed.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION:

Consider the following statements regarding the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act:

1. The MTP Act permits the termination of pregnancy under medical grounds if it poses a risk to the woman’s life or health.
2. A pregnancy can be terminated up to 24 weeks without any specific conditions as per the latest amendment to the MTP Act.
3. Only registered medical practitioners with specific qualifications are authorized to perform abortions under the MTP Act.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. 1 only
2. 1 and 3 only
3. 2 and 3 only
4. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: B

Explanation:

MTP Act allows termination under medical grounds if there is a risk to the woman’s life or health.

the latest amendment allows termination up to 20 weeks under certain conditions, with the possibility of extending this in exceptional cases.

as only qualified medical practitioners can perform abortions under the MTP Act.

SECOND HANLE DARK SKY RESERVE

TOPIC: (GS1) GEOGRAPHY: PIB

The Hanle Dark Sky Reserve recently hosted its second Star Party, a significant event that brought together both expert astrophotographers and amateur astronomers for a week-long celebration of stargazing. This occasion not only showcases Hanle’s remarkable astronomical conditions but also highlights its emerging role in the field of astro-tourism.

Significance of Hanle for Astronomy

Dark Skies

• Minimal Light Pollution: Hanle boasts some of the darkest night skies in India, allowing for enhanced visibility of stars and celestial bodies.
• Ideal for Observations: The reduced light interference facilitates clearer and more detailed astronomical observations.

Clear Atmosphere

• Transparent Air Quality: The region is known for its exceptionally clear and transparent atmosphere, which is crucial for viewing faint celestial objects.
• Optimal Viewing Conditions: This clarity allows astronomers to observe details that would be difficult to see in areas with more atmospheric distortion.

High Altitude

• Elevated Location: Hanle is situated at a high altitude, which reduces the effects of atmospheric interference during observations.
• Improved Clarity: The high elevation contributes to better clarity and quality in astronomical observations.

Stable Weather

• Consistent Weather Patterns: The region typically experiences stable weather conditions, resulting in fewer cloudy nights.
• Frequent Stargazing Opportunities: This stability ensures that astronomers have more consistent opportunities for observing the night sky.

Astrophysical Facilities

• Advanced Equipment: The Indian Astronomical Observatory located in Hanle is equipped with professional-grade telescopes.
• Research and Observation Capabilities: These facilities provide researchers and amateur astronomers with advanced tools for observation and study.

Diverse Celestial Views

• Unique Observations: Hanle’s geographic and environmental characteristics allow for the observation of various unique celestial phenomena.
• Astro-Tourism Potential: The region’s advantages make it an attractive destination for astro-tourism, attracting enthusiasts from around the globe.

Conclusion

The Hanle Dark Sky Reserve, with its ideal conditions for astronomy, is becoming increasingly significant in the field of astro-tourism. The second Star Party serves as a testament to its potential as a prime location for both professional and amateur astronomers. By providing an environment conducive to stargazing, Hanle is set to play a vital role in the future of astronomical research and tourism

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION:

1. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve?

1. The Hanle Dark Sky Reserve is located in the Union Territory of Ladakh.
2. It is recognized for its potential for astronomical observations due to its low light pollution and high altitude.
3. The Indian Astronomical Observatory situated in Hanle is equipped with advanced telescopes for public use only.

Select the correct answer using the codes below:

1. A) 1 and 2 only
2. B) 2 and 3 only
3. C) 1, 2, and 3
4. D) 1 only

Answer: A

Explanation:

The Hanle Dark Sky Reserve is indeed located in Ladakh the reserve is known for its favourable conditions for astronomy. the observatory is primarily used for research purposes rather than public use.

USCIRF REPORT ON INDIA:

TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE HINDU

The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) released a report on October 2, 2024, highlighting declining conditions of religious freedom in India.

The report points out various incidents involving minority communities and the government’s actions that are viewed as oppressive. The Indian government has dismissed the report as biased and politically motivated.

What is USCIRF?

• Independent Agency: The USCIRF is a bipartisan agency of the U.S. government established under the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) of 1998.
• Mandate: Its main task is to monitor and promote the right to freedom of religion or belief worldwide, aligning its assessments with international human rights standards, particularly Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
• Distinct Roles: It operates independently from the Office of International Religious Freedom, which is part of the U.S. State Department and focuses on more significant impacts on bilateral relations.

Functions of USCIRF

• Monitoring Religious Freedom: The USCIRF conducts research and engages with various stakeholders, including NGOs and victims of religious persecution.
• Country Assessments: It compiles annual reports listing countries that qualify for designation as “Countries of Particular Concern” (CPC) and those recommended for a “Special Watch List” (SWL).
• Designation Criteria:
  • CPC: Countries with systematic, ongoing, and egregious violations of religious freedom.
  • SWL: Countries whose governments engage in severe religious freedom violations but do not meet the CPC criteria.

Key Findings of the USCIRF Report on India

• Deterioration of Religious Freedom: The report claims that the situation for religious minorities in India has worsened significantly in 2024.
• Violence and Discrimination: It highlights incidents of lynching and violence against minority communities, arbitrary arrests of religious leaders, and the demolition of places of worship.
• Government Actions: The USCIRF accuses the Indian government of using legislation, such as the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, and anti-conversion laws, to suppress minority rights.
• Hateful Rhetoric: The report mentions the use of derogatory language and misinformation by officials to incite violence against religious minorities.

India’s Reaction to the Report

• Government Denouncement: The Indian Ministry of External Affairs described the USCIRF as a biased organization with a political agenda and rejected the report’s findings.
• Call for Objectivity: Indian officials urged the USCIRF to refrain from presenting agenda-driven narratives and claimed the report misrepresented facts about India.

Criticism of USCIRF

• Claims of Bias: Critics argue that while USCIRF reports are backed by research and credible sources, they may serve U.S. foreign policy interests.
• Lack of Binding Authority: USCIRF recommendations are not mandatory. The U.S. State Department decides whether to act on these findings, often influenced by broader foreign policy considerations.

Conclusion

The USCIRF report raises significant concerns about the state of religious freedom in India, drawing attention to issues faced by minority communities. The Indian government has strongly refuted these claims, labelling the USCIRF as biased. The discourse surrounding the report highlights the complex interplay between international assessments of human rights and national sovereignty, prompting discussions on the reliability and motivations of external watchdogs.

CHALLENGES FACING THE INDIAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY

TOPIC: (GS3) INDIAN ECONOMY: THE HINDU

The Indian textile and apparel sector has long been a vital component of the country’s economy, with aspirations to reach a business volume of $350 billion by 2030, which could create around 3.5 crore jobs. However, the industry has faced significant challenges in the past two financial years, raising concerns about its future performance and growth potential.

Current Status of the Textile Industry

• Industry Size: In 2021, the Indian textile and apparel industry was valued at approximately $153 billion, with domestic business contributing around $110 billion.
• Export Performance: India was the third-largest textile exporter in FY22, holding a 5.4% global market share.
• Manufacturing Capacity: India ranks second in manufacturing capacity globally, with a comprehensive capability across the entire value chain.
• Economic Contribution: The sector contributed nearly 2.3% to the GDP in FY21 and accounted for 10.6% of total manufacturing Gross Value Added (GVA) in FY23.
• Employment: The textile and garment sector employs about 105 million people, directly and indirectly, with a significant portion of its capacity in micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs).

Recent Slump in the Textile Sector

• Decline in Demand: A noticeable drop in demand began in 2022-2023, which has persisted into FY24, leading to reduced exports and domestic consumption.
• Impact on Manufacturing Clusters: Manufacturing hubs have been severely affected; for example, Tamil Nadu, which has the largest spinning capacity in India, has seen nearly 500 textile mills shut down in the last two years. In Tiruppur, a key knitwear production area, many businesses reported a 40% decrease in revenue during FY23.

Reasons for Export Slump

• Geopolitical Factors: Global geopolitical developments and reduced demand in importing countries have adversely affected export units.
• High Raw Material Costs: Increased prices of raw materials, particularly cotton and man-made fibers (MMF), have compounded challenges for exporters.
• Import Duties: The implementation of a 10% import duty on cotton has made Indian cotton less competitive on the international market. Additionally, the introduction of quality control measures for MMF has disrupted the stability of raw material availability and pricing.
• Industry Recommendations: Industry representatives have called for the removal of the cotton import duty during the off-season (April to October) to enhance competitiveness.

Additional Challenges Facing the Textile Industry

• Shifts in Business Models: The industry is undergoing disruptions due to changes in traditional business methods. The rise of e-commerce has led manufacturers to sell directly to consumers, with many startups entering this domain.
• Sustainability Trends: International brands are increasingly adopting Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) sustainability measures throughout their supply chains, which may necessitate adjustments by Indian vendors.
• Changing Consumer Preferences: There is a growing demand for comfort wear, loungewear, and athleisure as consumers increasingly prioritize comfort in clothing.
• Retail Preferences: In domestic markets, consumers in rural and semi-urban areas tend to favour multi-brand outlets or hypermarkets over less recognized brand stores, which is reshaping the retail landscape.

Future Outlook and Strategies

• Investment Plans: The industry is targeting a $100 billion investment across various segments of the value chain by 2030 to enhance production capabilities and achieve the ambitious $350 billion goal.
• Labor Costs: Labor costs account for about 10% of the overall production expenses in the textile sector, with trained workers earning an average of ₹550 daily, while unskilled workers earn around ₹450.
• Focus on Technology and Training: To improve productivity and reduce waste, the industry must prioritize technology integration and workforce skill development. Industry stakeholders emphasize the need for training programs to enhance worker efficiency and adapt to evolving market demands.

Conclusion

The Indian textile industry stands at a critical juncture, facing numerous challenges that have hindered its growth and performance. While the sector has potential due to its size and capacity, the recent downturn in demand, high raw material costs, and shifts in consumer behavior necessitate strategic investments and a focus on innovation. By addressing these issues and adapting to changing market conditions, the textile sector can work towards realizing its ambitious growth targets for the future.

GLOBAL DIGITAL COMPACT: PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE DIGITAL INNOVATION

TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: INDIAN EXPRESS

The Global Digital Compact (GDC) was recently adopted at the United Nations’ “Summit of the Future.” It aims to harness and regulate digital technologies for the common good.

The GDC recognizes the transformative power of digital tools while also addressing their potential challenges. This compact represents a collaborative effort to ensure that technological advancements contribute positively to society and support Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

What is the Global Digital Compact (GDC)?

• Diplomatic Instrument: The GDC is not legally binding but serves as a framework with shared objectives for governments, organizations, and various stakeholders to follow.
• Historical Context: It builds upon previous UN compacts, such as the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration, focusing on sustainability and human rights.
• Purpose: The GDC emphasizes the need for responsible governance of data and digital technologies, ensuring human oversight in advancing sustainable development.

Objectives of the GDC

• Closing the Digital Divide: Aims to make digital technologies accessible to everyone, ensuring equitable participation in the digital economy.
• Data Governance: Promotes responsible and fair management of data, with a focus on inclusivity and sustainability.
• Digital Public Goods: Encourages the development of open-source software, open data, and AI models to drive social change and create a digital public infrastructure.

Challenges and Limitations of the GDC

• Openness vs. Confidentiality: Previous experiences with public-private partnerships suggest that openness may be limited by confidentiality agreements and intellectual property protections, hindering true collaboration.
• Self-Regulation: The GDC calls for digital companies to self-regulate, which may not be effective, as seen in past instances where self-regulation has failed to protect user interests.
• Data Governance Risks: While the GDC emphasizes interoperable data governance, the increased data collection for AI applications poses significant risks without robust data protection and privacy laws.
• Corporate Power: The compact proposes giving corporate entities more authority in data governance but lacks emphasis on necessary measures to prevent monopolistic control.

The GDC’s Relationship with the UN

• Wishful Thinking: The GDC makes broad statements about achieving its objectives, assuming global cooperation will be sufficient, which may not address complex underlying issues.
• Valuable Data: In the modern context, data has become immensely valuable, akin to oil, with concerns over its collection and use, particularly regarding environmental impacts.
• Trust and Digital Sovereignty: The idea of “data flow with trust” has been met with resistance from some nations that prioritize digital sovereignty, enforcing laws that keep citizen data within their borders.

Future Directions

• Potential for Impact: While the GDC may not revolutionize digital governance, it offers a platform for dialogue and collaboration. If taken seriously by member states, it could lead to meaningful outcomes.
• Need for Multilateral Negotiations: The complexities of global digital governance require regional and multilateral discussions to address various jurisdictional and local needs effectively.
• Building Capacity: The GDC could foster partnerships and collaborations across different regions, promoting the development of digital public goods that support sustainable innovation.

Conclusion:

the Global Digital Compact aims to facilitate responsible digital innovation and collaboration among member states. Its success depends on commitment and collective action to tackle the challenges posed by rapidly evolving technologies.

FOREST LOSS IN 2023: A TROUBLING TREND

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT: INDIAN EXPRESS

A recent study has revealed alarming statistics regarding deforestation in 2023, indicating that the rate of forest loss has surpassed global commitments to halt deforestation by 2030. This report underscores the significant environmental implications of continued forest destruction.

Key Findings

Deforestation Rates

• Extent of Loss: In 2023, approximately 15.7 million acres of forests were lost, an area comparable to the size of Ireland.
• Exceeded Global Pledges: The rate of deforestation greatly exceeded the levels necessary to meet the goal of halting forest loss by 2030, which was agreed upon by over 140 global leaders in 2021.

Impact on Tropical Regions

• Worsening Trends: The study highlighted a decline in tropical primary forests, particularly in regions like Bolivia and Indonesia, despite international pledges to combat deforestation.
• Bolivia: Deforestation in Bolivia increased by 351% from 2015 to 2023.
• Indonesia: After a period of decline from 2020 to 2022, Indonesia experienced a sharp rise in deforestation rates in 2023.

Importance of Forests

• Biodiversity: Forests play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and providing habitats for countless species.
• Climate Regulation: They are essential for regulating water cycles and absorbing carbon dioxide, contributing to climate stability.

Conclusion

The findings of this study are a stark reminder of the urgent need for effective measures to combat deforestation. As the rates of forest loss continue to rise, global leaders must take immediate action to fulfil their commitments and protect these vital ecosystems for future generations.

DISCOVERY OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON CHARON

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE HINDU

On October 1, researchers announced a groundbreaking discovery made by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): the detection of carbon dioxide on Charon, the largest moon of Pluto. This finding marks a significant milestone in our understanding of the icy bodies in our solar system.

Key Findings

Detection of Carbon Dioxide

• First Time Observation: Scientists confirmed the presence of carbon dioxide on Charon for the first time, expanding our knowledge of this distant moon.
• Complementary Discovery: The detection was accompanied by the identification of hydrogen peroxide, suggesting a more complex chemical makeup on Charon’s surface.

Implications for Science

• Understanding Composition: These findings improve our comprehension of the material composition and geophysical processes on icy celestial bodies like Charon.
• Insights into Formation: The presence of these chemicals could shed light on the formation and evolutionary history of Charon and similar worlds, providing clues about their past.

Significance of the Discovery

• Complex History: By studying the chemical components on Charon, scientists can piece together a more comprehensive narrative of the environmental conditions that have shaped this moon.
• Broader Context: This discovery enhances our understanding of the outer solar system, offering insights into the conditions and processes that may exist on other icy moons and planets.

Conclusion

The detection of carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide on Charon represents a significant advancement in planetary science. As researchers continue to explore these icy worlds, such findings may unlock secrets about their histories and the broader dynamics of our solar system.