10-December-2024-Special-Article

CUMBUM TANK IN ANDHRA PRADESH

India has a rich history of water harvesting systems, showcasing ancient engineering marvels and sustainable practices. These systems not only supported agriculture and domestic use but also demonstrated the wisdom of water conservation adapted to local climatic conditions.

The Cumbum Tank in Andhra Pradesh recently gained attention for its historical significance and role in irrigation.

             

Key Points about the Cumbum Tank

Historical Background

• Construction Period: Built between 1522-1524 AD during the Vijayanagara Empire.
• Builder: Vijayanagara princess Varadharajamma (Ruchidevi), wife of Sri Krishna Devaraya.
• Purpose: Designed to harness the water flow from the Gundlakamma and Jampaleru rivers.

Geographical Features

• Location: Part of the Gundlakamma river system in Andhra Pradesh.
• Feed Source: Fed by Nallamallavagu, a stream originating in the Nallamala Hills of the Eastern Ghats.

Engineering Marvel

Design Insights:

• Early use of puddled banks, a clay wall technique for water retention.
• Noted by British engineer Sir Arthur Cotton for its durability, despite lacking modern reinforcements.

Modern Restoration

Efforts:

• Revitalized by the Andhra Pradesh government.
• Supported by the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) to modernize its structure and efficiency.

Ancient Water Harvesting Systems in India

India’s ancient water conservation practices reflected adaptability to diverse terrains and climates. Below are examples of notable structures:

Stepwells (Baoli)

• Structure: Wells with steps, intricate carvings, and rooms.
• Regions: Rajasthan, Delhi, Gujarat, Karnataka.
• Examples: Chand Baori (Rajasthan), Agrasen ki Baoli (Delhi).
• Features: Tiered steps, rainwater storage, seasonal usability.

Jhalaras

• Structure: Rectangular stepwells with steps on multiple sides.
• Region: Rajasthan.
• Purpose: Designed to collect water from nearby reservoirs.

Medium Reservoirs (Talab/Bandhi)

• Structure: Natural or man-made reservoirs.
• Purpose: Regulate water flow and prevent floods.
• Location: Found in multiple regions across India.

Rainwater Pits (Taanka)

• Design: Underground cylindrical pits, paved for water collection.
• Region: Thar Desert, Rajasthan.

Flood Harvesting (Ahar-Pynes)

• Structure: Reservoirs with embankments at the end of floodwater channels.
• Region: South Bihar.

Johads

• Design: Earthen pits with three elevated sides.
• Purpose: Harvest rainwater for agriculture and groundwater recharge.

Cylindrical Wells (Panam Keni)

• Material: Made using toddy palm stems.
• Region: Wayanad, Kerala.

Long Earthen Embankments (Khadin)

• Purpose: Collect surface runoff for agriculture.
• Region: Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.

Catchment Areas (Kund)

• Structure: Saucer-shaped catchment leading to an underground well.
• Features: Lined traditionally with lime and ash.

Other Indigenous Systems

• Zing: Glacier meltwater storage tanks in Ladakh.
• Kuhls: Surface water channels carrying glacial melt in Himachal Pradesh.
• Zabo: Water systems integrating forestry, agriculture, and animal care in Nagaland.
• Jackwells: Pits surrounded by hardwood bunds, practiced in the Nicobar Islands.

Water Management in Indian History

Indus Valley Civilization

• Dholavira: Advanced reservoirs for rainwater storage.
• Lothal: Bunds for irrigation and drinking water.

Mauryan Era

• Records: Kautilya’s Arthashastra mentions organized irrigation systems and tax policies based on water use.

Medieval India

Systems:

• Satavahanas introduced brick wells.
• Cholas developed chain tanks for efficient water distribution.
• Rajputs constructed massive reservoirs like Bhopal Lake.
• Sultan Zain Uddin expanded canal networks in Kashmir.

Colonial Insights

• British engineers, like Sir Arthur Cotton, recognized the ingenuity of ancient Indian water systems and used them as a foundation for modern irrigation techniques.

Types of Water Harvesting Systems

• Rainwater Harvesting: Collecting rainwater from rooftops or fields into tanks or underground storage.
• Groundwater Recharge: Using structures like recharge wells to improve groundwater levels.
• Surface Water Collection: Capturing rainwater in ponds and reservoirs for agriculture.
• Urban Harvesting: Managing rainwater in cities to reduce municipal water dependence and stormwater issues.

Significance of Water Harvesting

• Reliable Water Source: Ensures continuous supply and improves groundwater quality.
• Flood Prevention: Reduces waterlogging and soil erosion.
• Sustainability: Addresses water scarcity and supports urbanization challenges.

Government Initiatives for Water Conservation

1. National Water Policy (2012): Guidelines for water resource management.
2. National Aquifer Mapping Program (NAQUIM): Identifying and mapping aquifers.
3. Mission Amrit Sarovar: Promotes Pond rejuvenation.
4. Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM): Aims for rural tap water supply.
5. Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA): Focuses on water conservation campaigns.
6. Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABY): Enhances groundwater resources.

Conclusion

India’s water harvesting systems, from ancient stepwells to modern conservation programs, highlight a legacy of sustainable water management. By integrating traditional knowledge with modern technology, India continues to address water scarcity while ensuring agricultural and domestic needs across its diverse regions.

Mains Question:

1. Discuss the historical significance and technological aspects of India’s ancient water harvesting systems, with reference to the Cumbum Tank. (150 WORDS)