12-July-2024-Daily-Current-Affairs

FUTURE INVESTMENTS IN INDIA’S EV SPACE 

TOPIC: (GS3) ECONOMY – SOURCE: THE HINDU 

The Indian government is considering extending its electric vehicle (EV) policy to include retrospective benefits.  

This move aims to enhance local manufacturing, technology adoption, and competitiveness in the Indian EV industry, stimulating investment and reducing costs. 

Revised Policy Overview 

• Extension of Benefits: The revised policy will now extend incentives to entities that have already invested in local EV production. 

• Previous Criteria: Initially, incentives were tied to setting up local facilities within three years of approval. 

• New Incentives: Benefits will also be available for past investments in the domestic EV ecosystem. 

Policy Objectives 

• Localisation of Production: Encourages manufacturing and value addition within India. 

• Technology Adoption: Aims to provide Indian consumers with access to the latest EV technology. 

• Competitiveness: Seeks to enhance competition among EV players, boosting production volumes and achieving economies of scale. 

Enhancing Local Manufacturing 

• Investment Incentives: Reduction in import duty on EVs from 70%-100% to 15% for vehicles with a CIF value of $35,000 or more. 

• Domestic Value Addition: Mandates that half of the value addition in manufacturing be done domestically within five years. 

• Global Transition Leader: Positions India as a potential leader in the transition from internal combustion engines to electric vehicles. 

Importance of Investment and Intervention 

• Consumer Economics: A Niti Aayog report highlights the need for viable ownership and maintenance costs to accelerate EV adoption. 

• Cost Challenges: India faces structural unit cost disadvantages in producing certain EV components. 

• Capital Investment: Significant investment is required for producing components like separators, copper foil, and anode active material. 

Focus on Localisation and Production Volume 

• Integrated Production Lines: Similar to policies in the U.S., China, and Europe, India’s policy includes incentives for setting up EV value chain manufacturing. 

• FDI and Domestic Capabilities: Emphasizes the need for foreign direct investment to build critical components and transfer technology to local manufacturers

LITHIUM BATTERIES: 

Lithium batteries have become a cornerstone in modern technology, powering a wide range of devices from smartphones to electric vehicles (EVs). Their high energy density, long cycle life, and lightweight nature make them an ideal choice for various applications. 

Key Features of Lithium Batteries 

• High Energy Density: Lithium batteries can store a large amount of energy relative to their size and weight, making them suitable for portable electronics and EVs. 

• Long Cycle Life: They can undergo many charge and discharge cycles before their capacity significantly diminishes, ensuring a longer operational life. 

• Lightweight: Lithium batteries are lighter compared to other types of rechargeable batteries, enhancing the efficiency of the devices they power. 

• Low Self-Discharge: These batteries have a low self-discharge rate, meaning they retain their charge longer when not in use. 

Types of Lithium Batteries 

• Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion): Commonly used in consumer electronics, EVs, and renewable energy storage. They offer high energy density and long cycle life. 

• Lithium Polymer (Li-Po): Known for their flexible form factor, making them ideal for smartphones and other portable devices. 

• Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4): Used in applications requiring high safety and thermal stability, such as power tools and some EVs. 

Global Resources of Lithium 

• Australia: The largest producer of lithium, primarily through hard rock mining (spodumene). 

• Chile: Known for its vast lithium reserves in the Salar de Atacama, extracted from brine pools. 

• China: Significant producer with both brine and hard rock mining operations. 

• Argentina: Part of the “Lithium Triangle” in South America, known for its substantial lithium brine resources. 

• United States: Lithium production is mainly concentrated in Nevada, with both brine and hard rock sources. 

• Portugal: Europe’s largest lithium producer, primarily through hard rock mining. 

Emerging Lithium Producers 

• Canada: Expanding its lithium mining operations, particularly in Quebec and Ontario. 

• Zimbabwe: Home to significant hard rock lithium resources. 

• Brazil: Increasing its lithium production from both brine and hard rock sources. 

Challenges in Lithium Extraction 

• Environmental Impact: Lithium extraction, especially from brine, can have significant environmental consequences, including water depletion and habitat disruption. 

• Supply Chain Issues: Ensuring a stable and ethical supply of lithium is a challenge, with geopolitical and logistical factors playing a role. 

• Sustainability: Developing more sustainable and less invasive extraction methods is a key focus for the industry. 

Conclusion 

Extending the EV policy to include retrospective benefits is a strategic move to bolster local manufacturing, enhance technology adoption, and improve competitiveness in the Indian EV market. 

Multiple Choice Question: 

1. Which countries are part of the “Lithium Triangle”?

1. Chile, Bolivia, Argentina 

1. Chile, Argentina, Peru 

1. Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil 

1. Bolivia, Chile, Uruguay 

ANSWER: A 

EXPLANATION: 

The “Lithium Triangle” refers to a region in South America that encompasses parts of three countries: Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina. This area is known for its high concentrations of lithium, which is found in vast salt flats or salars. These countries have some of the largest lithium reserves in the world, primarily extracted from brine pools. 

HEAT DOME 

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT – SOURCE: INDIAN EXPRESS 

A heat dome is a weather phenomenon characterized by a high-pressure system that traps warm air, causing extreme temperatures over a region. 

How a Heat Dome Works 

• Warm Air Rises: In still summer conditions, warm air rises from the Earth’s surface. 

• High Pressure: This warm air is pushed down by high pressure in the atmosphere, preventing it from rising. 

• Trapped Heat: The air gets trapped near the surface, becomes compressed, and heats up further. 

Impact of Heat Domes 

• Extreme Temperatures: Record high temperatures, such as 48.33°C in Redding, Northern California. 

• Prolonged Heat: Extended periods of hot weather leading to severe heatwaves. 

Formation of Heat Domes 

• Jet Stream Behaviour: Wave-like patterns in jet streams can cause high-pressure systems to become stationary, forming heat domes. 

• Climate Change: Rising global temperatures may increase the intensity and frequency of heat domes. 

Measures to Protect People from Heat Domes 

Public Awareness and Education 

• Heatwave Alerts: Issue timely warnings and advisories to inform the public about impending heatwaves. 

• Education Campaigns: Educate the public on the dangers of heatwaves and how to stay safe, such as staying hydrated and avoiding outdoor activities during peak heat hours. 

Infrastructure and Urban Planning 

• Cooling Centres: Establish air-conditioned public spaces where people can seek refuge during extreme heat. 

• Green Spaces: Increase the number of parks and green areas to provide natural cooling and reduce urban heat islands. 

• Heat-Resilient Buildings: Promote the construction of buildings designed to remain cool, using materials that reflect heat and incorporating better insulation. 

Government Interventions in India 

National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) 

• Mission on Sustainable Habitat: Focuses on promoting energy efficiency in buildings and urban planning to mitigate heat effects. 

• National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change: Enhances understanding of climate change impacts, including heatwaves, and develops strategies for adaptation and mitigation. 

Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan 

• Early Warning System: Provides timely heatwave alerts to residents. 

• Capacity Building: Trains healthcare professionals to recognize and treat heat-related illnesses. 

• Public Awareness Campaigns: Disseminates information on how to stay cool and hydrated through various media channels. 

• Urban Greening: Increases tree plantation and green cover to reduce urban temperatures. 

Best Practices from Other Countries 

• France: Heatwave Plans (Plan Canicule): Includes public awareness campaigns, activation of a helpline, and opening of air-conditioned spaces for vulnerable populations. 

• United States: Heat Island Reduction Programs: Implement measures to reduce urban heat islands, such as green roofs, cool roofs, and reflective pavements. 

• Cooling Centres: Establish networks of cooling centers in cities like Los Angeles and New York. 

Conclusion 

Heat domes, driven by high-pressure systems and potentially exacerbated by climate change, lead to significant heatwaves and extreme temperatures, posing challenges for affected regions. 

Multiple Choice Question: 

1. What is a “heat dome” and how does it form?

1. A low-pressure system that brings heavy rainfall and storms by trapping moisture in the atmosphere. 

1. A high-pressure system in the atmosphere that traps warm air near the Earth’s surface, causing prolonged periods of extreme heat. 

1. A geographical feature that causes cooler temperatures by trapping cold air in valleys. 

1. A climatic phenomenon characterized by sudden drops in temperature due to high-altitude cold air masses descending to the surface. 

Answer: (B)  

A “heat dome” is a meteorological phenomenon characterized by a high-pressure system in the atmosphere that traps warm air near the Earth’s surface, leading to prolonged periods of extreme heat. Here is how it works and forms: 

High-Pressure System: A heat dome forms when a strong, high-pressure system develops in the atmosphere. This high pressure acts like a lid, compressing the warm air and preventing it from rising. 

Warm Air Trapped: As the high-pressure system intensifies, it traps a mass of warm air below it. This warm air, unable to escape upward, remains near the surface. 

Increased Temperatures: The trapped warm air continues to get hotter as it is compressed. The lack of upward movement means the heat stays close to the ground, leading to increased temperatures over the affected area. 

Extended Duration: Because the high-pressure system is stable and persistent, the heat remains in place for an extended period, often lasting several days or even weeks. 

WHY ARE DENGUE CASES ON THE RISE WORLDWIDE? 

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY – SOURCE: THE HINDU 

Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral infection, is witnessing a significant rise globally and in India. Factors such as urbanization, climate change, and population movement are contributing to this surge. This overview examines the current situation, the spread of dengue, treatment methods, and emerging patterns in the disease’s prevalence. 

Current Situation in India 

• Surge in Cases: India has seen a sharp increase in dengue cases, especially in Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. 

• Statistics: As of April 30, 2024, India recorded 19,447 cases and 16 deaths, with Karnataka reporting 7,840 cases and seven deaths by July 10, 2024. 

Global Dengue Scenario 

• WHO Report: As of April 30, 2024, over 7.6 million dengue cases were reported globally, including 3.4 million confirmed cases, over 16,000 severe cases, and more than 3,000 deaths. 

• Affected Regions: Dengue is endemic in over 100 countries across Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, and the Western Pacific. Asia accounts for about 70% of the global disease burden. 

Factors Contributing to Dengue Spread 

• Mosquito Breeding Conditions: The onset of monsoon season creates suitable conditions for the breeding of Aedes mosquitoes, the primary vector for dengue. 

• Urbanization and Population Movements: Rapid urbanization and increased population movements have heightened the dengue burden in various regions. 

• Climate Change: Changes in weather patterns due to climate change have expanded the geographic distribution of dengue. 

Transmission and Treatment of Dengue 

• Transmission: Dengue virus is transmitted through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti. 

• Symptoms: Dengue presents as an acute febrile illness lasting two to seven days, with symptoms including headache, retro-orbital pain, myalgia, arthralgia, rash, and hemorrhagic manifestations. 

• Treatment: For uncomplicated cases, dengue is managed through symptomatic and supportive treatment. 

Emerging Patterns and Historical Context 

• Historical Outbreaks: The first epidemic of dengue-like illness in India was recorded in 1780. The dengue virus was first isolated in India in 1945, and the first reported dengue fever case was in 1956 from Vellore, Tamil Nadu. 

• Periodic Outbreaks: Tamil Nadu has experienced dengue outbreaks every five years, with the last major outbreak in 2017. 

• Seasonal Variations: Seasonal variations and the buildup of susceptible populations contribute to the periodic rise in dengue cases. 

Government Interventions and Best Practices 

• Surveillance and Response: Continuous monitoring and immediate response to dengue cases are crucial. 

• Community Empowerment: Educating and empowering communities about preventive measures is essential. 

• Control Measures: Implementing timely control measures can help reduce the number of cases in a short period. 

Conclusion 

The rise in dengue cases globally and in India is driven by multiple factors including urbanization, climate change, and mosquito breeding conditions. Effective surveillance, timely response, community education, and preventive measures are critical to controlling the spread of dengue and mitigating its impact. 

Multiple Choice Question: 

1. Which of the following statements about dengue fever is/are correct?

1. Dengue fever is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. 

1. Dengue is primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. 

1. Climate change and urbanization are contributing factors to the increasing spread of dengue. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

1. 1 and 2 only 

1. 2 and 3 only 

1. 1 and 3 only 

1. 1, 2, and 3 

Answer: (b)  

Explanation: 

Dengue fever is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti, not Anopheles mosquitoes. Anopheles mosquitoes are known for transmitting malaria. 

Dengue is primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including countries in Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. 

Climate change, which affects weather patterns and temperatures, and urbanization, which creates environments conducive to mosquito breeding, are significant contributing factors to the increasing spread of dengue. 

WHY ISRO WANTS TO VENTURE INTO PLANETARY DEFENCE 

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY – SOURCE: INDIAN EXPRESS 

ISRO, the Indian space agency, is contemplating entry into planetary defence, potentially collaborating with international agencies like NASA to study and mitigate asteroid threats. This marks a significant shift in ISRO’s mission objectives. 

Reasons for ISRO’s Interest: 

• Asteroid Threats: Despite Apophis not currently posing a direct threat, asteroids frequently enter Earth’s vicinity, some with potential for catastrophic impacts. 

• Historical Precedent: Events like the 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor highlight the destructive potential of undetected asteroids. 

ISRO’s Strategic Intent: 

• Capability Development: ISRO aims to enhance its technological capabilities by studying asteroids, potentially deflecting them in the future. 

• Global Collaboration: Collaboration with NASA and other agencies enhances global efforts in planetary defence. 

Recent Developments: 

• NASA’s Initiatives: NASA has redirected missions to study Apophis up close in 2029, demonstrating international interest in asteroid mitigation. 

• Technological Advancements: Recent NASA missions, like the redirection of a spacecraft to alter an asteroid’s path, showcase advancements in planetary defence technologies. 

Conclusion: 

ISRO’s foray into planetary defence signifies its evolving role in global space exploration and its commitment to mitigating potential asteroid threats. Collaborative efforts with international partners will likely pave the way for future advancements in safeguarding Earth from celestial impacts. 

WORLD POPULATION DAY (WPD) 

TOPIC: (GS3) ECONOMY – SOURCE: TIMES OF INDIA 

World Population Day, observed on July 11 annually, serves as a reminder of global population issues and their profound impact on society. Established by the United Nations in 1989, this day aims to foster awareness and action on critical topics such as reproductive health, family planning, gender equality, and sustainable development. 

                  

• Purpose: Raises awareness and encourages dialogue on global population challenges. 

• Date: July 11, commemorating the milestone of the world population reaching five billion in 1987. 

• Themes: Each year’s theme focuses on pertinent issues; WPD 2024 theme is “Leave no one behind; count everyone.” 

History: 

• Origin: Proposed by Dr. KC Zachariah at the World Bank in response to reaching five billion people. 

• First Observance: 1989, with participation from over 90 countries. 

Facts about Global Population: 

• Current Figures: As of July 2024, India leads with 1.44 billion people, surpassing China. China follows with 1.42 billion, while the United States ranks third with 341 million. 

• Growth Projections: UN forecasts estimate global population to reach 8.5 billion by 2030, 9.7 billion by 2050, and 10.9 billion by 2100. 

• Regional Trends: Africa is expected to see significant population growth, while Europe faces declining populations in many regions by 2050. 

Conclusion: 

World Population Day underscores the urgency of addressing population-related issues through collective global efforts. As populations grow and shift, initiatives promoting reproductive health, equitable development, and sustainable practices become increasingly vital. 

CLASSICAL LANGUAGE  

TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY AND GOVERNANCE – SOURCE: INDIAN EXPRESS 

The Central Government has recently revised the criteria for granting classical language status, a prestigious designation aimed at recognizing languages with deep historical and cultural significance. 

Criteria for Classical Language Status: 

• Antiquity: Language must demonstrate a history of at least 1,500-2,000 years through ancient texts and records. 

• Literary Heritage: It should possess a significant body of ancient literature valued across generations. 

• Originality: The literary tradition must be indigenous, not borrowed from other speech communities. 

• Distinctiveness: There should be a clear distinction between the classical form and its modern variants or offshoots. 

Benefits and Recognition: 

• Government Support: Languages granted classical status receive support from the Education Ministry, including international awards for scholars and establishment of centers of excellence. 

• Academic Promotion: University Grants Commission establishes chairs in central universities to promote research and education in these languages. 

Classical Languages in India: 

Designated Languages: Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Telugu and Kannada (2008), Malayalam (2013), and Odia (2014) have been recognized as classical languages. 

Conclusion: 

The revision of criteria for classical language status underscores the government’s commitment to preserving and promoting India’s rich linguistic heritage. By recognizing these languages, the government aims to foster academic excellence and cultural pride among speakers and scholars alike. 

NATIONAL GOPAL RATNA AWARD 

TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY AND GOVERNANCE – SOURCE: HINDUSTHAN TIMES 

The National Gopal Ratna Award, established under the Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM), is an annual recognition conferred by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying to promote and honor contributions in dairy farming and artificial insemination. 

About National Gopal Ratna Award: 

• Initiation: Since 2021, it has been awarded annually by the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying. 

• Objective: Encourages excellence among milk-producing farmers, dairy cooperative societies, Milk Producer Companies (MPCs), Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), and Artificial Insemination Technicians (AITs). 

Categories for NGRA 2024: 

• Best Dairy Farmer: Recognizes those excelling in rearing indigenous cattle and buffalo breeds. 

• Best Dairy Cooperative Society/MPC/FPO: Honors exemplary cooperative efforts in milk production and management. 

• Best Artificial Insemination Technician (AIT): Acknowledges technicians for their skill in artificial insemination. 

Special Recognition: 

• Northeastern Region Award: Introduced to promote dairy development in the Northeastern states. 

Award Details: 

• Prizes: Certificate of merit and a memento for Best Dairy Farmer and Best DCS/MPC/FPO; Certificate of merit and memento for AIT category (no cash prize). 

• Date: Awards will be presented on National Milk Day, celebrated on 26th November annually. 

Conclusion: 

The National Gopal Ratna Award serves as a significant initiative to boost dairy farming across India, emphasizing the crucial roles of farmers, cooperative societies, and technicians. By recognizing their efforts, the award aims to foster growth and sustainability in the dairy sector.