17 &18-September-2024-Daily-Current-Affairs

WINDFALL TAX ON CRUDE OIL CUT TO ZERO

TOPIC: (GS3) ECONOMY: THE HINDU

The windfall tax is a special additional excise duty imposed on domestically produced crude oil, with periodic revisions based on global oil prices. As of September 18, the Government of India has reduced the windfall tax on crude oil to zero.

• The previous revision, effective August 31, set the windfall tax at ₹1,850 per tonne of crude oil.

Windfall Tax in India:

A tax levied on companies experiencing unexpected and significant profit surges, often due to external factors beyond their control. Like decrease in global crude oil pricesTarget: Primarily imposed on industries like oil, gas, and mining.Purpose:

• Capture a portion of these “windfall” profits for public benefit.
• Promote transparency, fairness, and responsible practices in the energy sector.
• Impact: Reduces the net earnings of targeted companies.

Implementation:

• Introduced in India on July 1st, 2022, aligning with other countries taxing energy companies’ excessive profits.
• Tax rates are reviewed every two weeks based on international crude oil prices from the previous fortnight.

Reason for Fortnightly Revisions

• The revision of the windfall tax is influenced by fluctuations in international crude oil prices.
• This ensures that producers do not benefit excessively from sudden price surges and that consumers are protected from high fuel prices.

Conclusion

The government’s decision to slash the windfall tax to zero reflects the current stabilization of crude oil prices globally. This move aims to balance the interests of oil producers and consumers, ensuring stability in the energy market while responding to international price trends.

Multiple Choice Question

1. Consider the following statements regarding Windfall Tax:
2. Windfall Tax is imposed on the excess profits that companies earn due to favourable external conditions like a sudden increase in global commodity prices.
3. In India, the Windfall Tax on domestically produced crude oil is revised monthly based on international oil prices.
4. International crude oil prices factors influence the revision of Windfall Tax on crude oil in India

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

1. 1 only
2. 1 and 3 only
3. 2 and 3 only
4. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: B

Explanation:

Windfall Tax is imposed on unexpected or excessive profits made by companies due to favorable external conditions, such as a sharp rise in global commodity prices, including crude oil.

In India, the Windfall Tax on domestically produced crude oil is revised fortnightly, not monthly, based on international oil prices.

International crude oil prices factors influence the revision of Windfall Tax on crude oil in India

KUNO CHEETAH REINTRODUCTION PROJECT

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT: THE HINDU

India’s ambitious cheetah reintroduction project aims to restore cheetah populations in Madhya Pradesh’s Kuno National Park (KNP), where the big cats are expected to roam freely.

Cheetah Population:

• 24 cheetahs (12 adults and 12 cubs) have been housed in enclosures for over a year.
• The cheetahs were brought to the park in August 2022.

Challenges:

• 3 adult cheetahs died in 2023 due to septicemia caused by maggot-infested wounds.
• The available prey base of chitals is lower than expected, impacting the cheetahs’ release.

Live Bait and Feeding Provisions:

• ₹24 lakh has been allocated for “live bait” to feed the cheetahs.
• Live bait is necessary to tranquilize cheetahs for medical or relocation purposes.

Habitat Management:

• Efforts are being made to manage and restore grasslands for prey.
• Woody tree growth and brushwoods are being eradicated from over 1,500 hectares to create savanna-like grasslands.
• ₹177.25 lakh has been allocated for brushwood removal in 2024.

CHEETAH REINTRODUCTION PROJECT

The Cheetah Reintroduction Project aims to restore the cheetah population in India, which was declared extinct in 1952.The project officially began on September 17, 2022.

Key Features:Translocation of Cheetahs:

• Cheetahs have been translocated from South Africa and Namibia to Kuno National Park, Madhya Pradesh.

Implementing Authorities:

• The project is implemented by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) in collaboration with the Madhya Pradesh Forest Department, the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), and cheetah experts from Namibia and South Africa.
• Cheetah Characteristics: Cheetahs are the fastest land animals and are crepuscular hunters, meaning they hunt primarily at sunrise and sunset.
• Reproduction: Female cheetahs have a gestation period of 92-95 days, typically giving birth to three to five cubs in a litter.

Significance of project

• Ecosystem Restoration: Cheetahs play a crucial role in maintaining balanced ecosystems. Their reintroduction can help restore the ecological balance in their historical habitats, benefiting other species and promoting biodiversity.
• Tourism and Economic Benefits: The presence of cheetahs can boost tourism, attracting wildlife enthusiasts and nature lovers. This can lead to economic benefits for local communities through increased tourism revenue and job creation.
• Scientific Research: Project Cheetah provides a unique opportunity for scientists to study cheetah behaviour, ecology, and interactions with other species in a new environment. This research can contribute to conservation efforts globally.
• Global Conservation Model: The success of Project Cheetah can serve as a model for other reintroduction efforts, inspiring similar initiatives for endangered species worldwide.
• Public Awareness and Education: The project has increased public awareness about the importance of wildlife conservation and the challenges faced by endangered species. It can foster a sense of responsibility and environmental stewardship among citizens.

Challenges Faced by Project Cheetah

• Captive-raised Cheetahs: Three Namibian cheetahs (Sasha, Jwala, and Savannah) were raised as research subjects, which may undermine the project’s integrity and success in wild adaptation.
• CITES Abstention: India’s abstention from a vote at the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) regarding the trade of elephant ivory raised ethical concerns about the country’s commitment to wildlife conservation efforts, including Project Cheetah.
• Kuno’s Genetic Sustainability: Kuno National Park cannot support a genetically self-sustaining cheetah population, prompting a shift towards a meta-population approach.
• Meta-population Strategy: Involves managing cheetah populations across fragmented habitats, focusing on interdependent populations for genetic diversity and long-term viability.
• Forest Connectivity: Concerns arise about disrupting natural wildlife dispersal if forest connectivity is compromised by human interventions.
• Revised Assessment (2020): Kuno’s cheetal density supports only 21 cheetahs, making a single population of 50 cheetahs unfeasible.

Conclusion

While the cheetah reintroduction project has faced setbacks, efforts continue to create a sustainable environment for their release. Grassland management and prey base improvement remain critical to the project’s success. ​

Multiple choice question

1. Consider the following
2. Black-necked crane
3. Cheetah
4. Flying squirrel
5. Snow leopard

Which of the above are naturally found in India?

1. 1, 2 and 3 only
2. 1, 3 and 4 only
3. 2 and 4 only
4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: B

Explanation:

Black-necked crane: This migratory bird is found in high-altitude wetlands in the Himalayas, particularly in Ladakh and parts of Himachal Pradesh. So, it is indeed naturally found in India.

Cheetah: While cheetahs were once native to India, they have become extinct in the country. Efforts are currently underway to reintroduce them. Therefore, they are not naturally found in India at present.

Flying squirrel: India has several species of flying squirrels, including the Indian giant flying squirrel, which is found in various parts of the country. So, it is naturally found in India.

Snow leopard: This elusive big cat is found in the high-altitude regions of the Himalayas, including India. Therefore, it is naturally found in India.

THIRD FRONT

TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE HINDU

Israel is currently engaged in conflicts with three militias—Hamas, Hezbollah, and the Houthis—escalating security concerns in West Asia. The expanding nature of these conflicts poses a serious threat to regional stability.

Hamas:

• Origin: Founded in 1987 during the First Intifada.
• Objective: Establish an Islamic state in Palestine.
• Headquarters: Gaza Strip.
• Activities: Engages in armed conflict with Israel, including rocket attacks and suicide bombings.
• Political Role: Governs Gaza Strip; participates in Palestinian politics.

Hezbollah:

• Origin: Established in 1982 in Lebanon, during the Lebanese Civil War.
• Objective: Establish an Islamic government in Lebanon and resist Israeli influence.
• Headquarters: Lebanon (primarily southern Lebanon and Beirut).
• Activities: Engages in military actions against Israel, involved in Lebanese politics, and supports the Assad regime in Syria.
• Support: Backed by Iran and Syria.

Houthis (Ansar Allah):

• Origin: Emerged in the 1990s in northern Yemen.
• Objective: Establish an Islamic state in Yemen and address grievances against the Yemeni government.
• Headquarters: Northern Yemen.
• Activities: Engaged in armed conflict against the Yemeni government and Saudi-led coalition forces; control significant parts of northern Yemen.
• Support: Allegedly supported by Iran.

Hamas Conflict:

• Israel has been at war with Hamas in Gaza for 11 months.
• The conflict escalated after Hamas attacked Israel on October 7, 2023, leading to Israel’s retaliatory military response in Gaza.
• The ongoing conflict is intense, with no clear resolution in sight, affecting both military and civilian life.

Hezbollah Tensions:

• Conflict Region: Israel faces a slow-burning conflict with Hezbollah, primarily along its northern border with Lebanon.
• Nature of the Conflict: Although not as escalated as the Gaza front, skirmishes and tensions between Israel and Hezbollah continue, posing a persistent threat to Israel’s northern security.

Yemen Conflict:

• Houthi Threat to Israel: Houthi rebels from Yemen has launched missile attacks on Israel. The most recent attack on Sunday marks the second breach of Israel’s air defences in two months.
• A July 2023 drone attack by the Houthis killed one person in Tel Aviv. Israel retaliated with airstrikes on Hodeida, Yemen.

Iranian Support for Houthis:

• Iran’s Role: The Houthis receive direct support from Iran, which strengthens their military capabilities and influence in the region.
• Alignment with the Palestine Cause: By aligning themselves with Palestine’s cause, the Houthis are not only serving Iran’s strategic interests but are also trying to consolidate power at home in Yemen.
• Complications for Israel: The addition of the Houthis, alongside Hezbollah and Hamas, creates a complex multi-front challenge for Israel’s military, further complicating regional dynamics.

Impact on Israel’s Security:

• Multi-front Conflict: Israel is now fighting three militias — Hamas, Hezbollah, and the Houthis — simultaneously, creating a highly volatile security situation.
• Regional Instability: The involvement of multiple actors supported by regional powers, especially Iran, risks expanding the conflict across West Asia.
• Without a ceasefire in Gaza, the conflict risks spreading across multiple fronts, deteriorating the security landscape of West Asia.
• The growing Houthi threat highlights the vulnerability of Israel’s security despite its military capabilities.

RECENT EVENTS THAT HAVE INTENSIFIED THE ISRAEL-IRAN RIVALRY:

Withdrawal from Iran’s Nuclear Deal (2018): Israel supported the US decision to withdraw from the JCPOA, a deal it had long opposed.Assassination of Iran’s Army General (2020): Israel backed the US drone strike that killed General Qassem Soleimani, escalating tensions with Iran.Hamas Missile Attack (October 2023): Iran-backed Hamas launched missiles at Israel, leading to Israeli airstrikes on Gaza.Houthi Attacks in the Red Sea (November 2023): Iran-backed Houthi forces targeted ships linked to Israel, sparking the “Red Sea Crisis.”Airstrike on Iranian Embassy (April 2024): Suspected Israeli airstrikes hit the Iranian embassy in Syria, prompting Iranian missile retaliation against Israel.

Conclusion:

Israel’s engagement with multiple militias—Hamas, Hezbollah, and the Houthis—has complicated the conflict in West Asia. The lack of a clear military solution and continued attacks are escalating tensions, threatening broader regional instability.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

Consider the following statements regarding the Mediterranean Sea, Israel, and Yemen:

1. The Mediterranean Sea connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar.
2. Israel shares a coastline with the Mediterranean Sea.
3. Yemen is situated on the Arabian Peninsula and has a coastline along the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: D

Explanation:

The Mediterranean Sea does indeed connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar, making Statement 1 correct.

Israel has a coastline along the Mediterranean Sea to the west, making Statement 2 correct.

Yemen is located on the Arabian Peninsula and borders both the Red Sea to the west and the Arabian Sea to the south, making Statement 3 correct.

DELHI CHIEF MINISTER’S RESIGNATION AND ELECTION SCHEDULE

TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY AND GOVERNANCE: HINDUSTHAN TIMES

Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal is expected to resign soon and has requested that Delhi Assembly elections be held concurrently with Maharashtra’s, despite the current term extending until February 2025. This situation raises questions about the election schedule and the roles of various authorities involved.

Responsibility for Election Scheduling

Election Commission of India (ECI):

• Authority: Under Article 324 of the Indian Constitution, the ECI manages and oversees elections.
• Term Completion: Ensures elections are completed before the Assembly’s five-year term ends.
• Considerations: Takes into account weather, security, festivals, officer training, and EVM procurement. Consults local administration and police before finalizing the schedule.
• Representation of the People Act, 1951:According to Section 15(2), elections cannot be announced less than six months before the Assembly’s term ends unless dissolved earlier.

Role of the Chief Minister

Article 174(2)(b) of the Constitution:

• Dissolution: Allows the Governor to dissolve the Assembly based on the Council of Ministers’ recommendation.
• Election Timeline: The ECI must conduct elections within six months of dissolution.
• Telangana Example: In 2018, Telangana’s Assembly was dissolved early on the Cabinet’s recommendation, and elections were held before the term ended.

Delhi’s Unique Status

• Governance: Delhi operates under the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991.
• Lieutenant Governor’s Role: The LG has the power to dissolve the Delhi Assembly, but the final decision lies with the Centre.
• Current Scenario: Despite Kejriwal’s resignation intent, he has not recommended Assembly dissolution. His successor may be decided by a meeting of AAP MLAs.

Election Preparations

• Current Focus: The ECI is concentrating on elections for Jammu and Kashmir, Haryana, Maharashtra, and Jharkhand.
• J&K: Elections from September 18 to October 1, counting on October 8.
• Haryana: Elections on October 5, with counting on October 8.
• Maharashtra and Jharkhand: Elections due as their terms end in November 2024 and January 2025, respectively.

Electoral Rolls:

• Revision: Special summary revision is done months before elections.
• Current Status: Updated electoral rolls for Delhi will be published on January 6, 2025.

Conclusion

The ECI is currently focused on elections in other states and is not preoccupied with Delhi’s situation. The decision on Delhi’s election schedule involves multiple layers of authority, and the unique status of Delhi as a Union Territory adds complexity to the process.

EMERGENCY PROVISIONS AND CENTRE-STATE RELATIONS

TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY AND GOVERNANCE: THE HINDU

Recent violence in Manipur has revived debates on Centre-State relations and the use of emergency provisions in India. These provisions enable central intervention in state matters under certain conditions.

India’s Federal Structure

• Federal System: India’s governance is shared between the Central and State governments.
• Seventh Schedule divides powers between the Centre and States.
• Law and Order: Primarily a state responsibility. (state list)
• Central Intervention: Allowed under emergency provisions in case of governance breakdown.

Understanding Emergency Provisions

• Article 355: Mandates the Centre to protect states from external threats and internal disturbances, ensuring that state governments function according to the Constitution.
• Article 356: Grants the Centre power to impose President’s Rule if a state fails to adhere to constitutional norms.
• Unique Provisions: Unlike federal systems in the U.S. and Australia, India allows central intervention to remove state governments.

Historical Context and Judicial Interpretation

• B.R. Ambedkar: Hoped emergency provisions would remain unused.
• Misuse of Article 356: Often used for political reasons, not just constitutional failures.
• R. Bommai Case (1994): Imposed limitations on Article 356, stating it should be used only for constitutional breakdowns and subject to judicial review.
• Article 355’s Scope: Expanded through cases like Naga People’s Movement of Human Rights vs. Union of India (1998), allowing broader central actions for state protection.

Recommendations from Various Commissions

• Sarkaria Commission (1987): Emphasized Article 355 as a duty of the Union, and Article 356 as a last resort.
• National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (2002): Reinforced cautious use of Article 356.
• Punchhi Commission (2010): Supported limited use of Article 356, recommending it be invoked only in extreme cases.

The Case of Manipur

• Current Situation: Severe violence, looting, and targeted attacks in Manipur.
• Article 356: Not invoked likely due to political considerations, as the same party governs at both the Centre and State levels.
• Article 355: Utilized to address the situation, with the Centre taking steps to restore order.

Impact of President’s Rule on a State

• Erosion of Federalism: The imposition of President’s Rule undermines the federal structure of India by centralizing power and reducing the autonomy of state governments.
• Political Instability: The imposition of President’s Rule often leads to political instability within the state, as it can disrupt the democratic process and erode public trust in the political system.
• Economic Disruption: President’s Rule can disrupt economic development in a state by halting or delaying important policy decisions and investment projects.
• Bureaucratic Inefficiency: Centralized administration can lead to bureaucratic inefficiencies and delays in decision-making, as officials may lack the local knowledge and expertise needed to address specific state-level issues.
• Social unrest: The imposition of President’s Rule can sometimes lead to social unrest and protests, as it may be perceived as a violation of democratic principles.

PRESIDENT’S RULE

Article 356:·

Imposition of President’s Rule: Allows the President of India to dissolve a State Legislative Assembly and assume direct control over the state if the government fails to comply with constitutional norms.·

Conditions: Can be invoked if the President believes that the state government is not functioning according to the Constitution.·

Duration: The proclamation of President’s Rule is initially valid for six months and can be extended with parliamentary approval.

Article 355:·

Duty to Protect: Mandates the Central Government to protect states against external aggression and internal disturbances and ensure that state governments are functioning according to the Constitution.·

Scope: Provides a broader mandate to the Centre, which can be used to justify actions before invoking Article 356.

Conclusion

India’s federal structure supports state autonomy but permits central intervention under Articles 355 and 356 when necessary. The Manipur crisis underscores the complexities of using these provisions, balancing political, constitutional, and legal factors to manage Centre-State relations effectively.

CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI MAHARAJ COLLAPSED IN LESS THAN A YEAR

TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY AND GOVERNANCE: INDIATODAY

Recently, a statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj collapsed less than a year after its unveiling, contrasting with the enduring resilience of Sindhudurg Fort, constructed by Shivaji Maharaj. This summary explores the historical significance of Sindhudurg Fort, the strategic Surat raids, and the legacy of Shivaji Maharaj.

Sindhudurg Fort

• Began on November 25, 1664 and Completed on March 29, 1667,on Kurte Island in the Arabian Sea
• Cost and Funding: Construction cost estimated at one crore hons (a gold coin used during Shivaji Maharaj’s reign).
• Strategic Importance: Aimed to establish maritime dominance and enhance economic stability. Located to control maritime access and defend against colonial forces.
• Architectural Features: Serpentine wall spanning four kilometers, ten meters high, with 45 stairways. Included facilities for guards and cannons, and smaller forts like Padmagad and Rajkot for additional security.
• Current Status: Remains a symbol of Maratha naval strength and fortification expertise.

Surat Raids and Strategic Importance of Surat:

• Known as a major trade hub and gateway to Mecca.
• Targeted to disrupt Mughal economic interests and assert Maratha dominance.

First Raid (January 1664):

• Caught Mughal forces off guard, yielding wealth estimated at one crore rupees.
• Funds from the raid financed Sindhudurg Fort and expanded the Maratha Navy.

Second Raid (October 1670):

• Seized wealth worth approximately Rs 6.6 million, targeting Mughals while sparing Dutch and English merchants.

Impact:

• The raids weakened Mughal economic stability and increased Maratha prominence, influencing English and Portuguese strategic decisions.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

• Birth and Early Life: Born on February 19, 1630, at Shivneri Fort, Pune. Gained control of Torna and Kondana Forts from Bijapur.
• Death and Legacy: Died on April 3, 1680, at Raigad. Crowned as Chhatrapati on June 6, 1674, with titles reflecting his leadership and religious contributions.

Administration:

• Central Administration: Led by eight ministers known as the ‘Ashtapradhan’.
• Revenue: Utilized Chauth (25% of revenue from non-Maratha territories) and Sardeshmukhi (10% additional levy).

Post-Shivaji Era

• After Shivaji’s death, his son Sambhaji was executed, and the empire was led by regents and Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj.
• Maratha rise under Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath and Baji Rao I, leading to expansion and consolidation.

Maratha Confederacy:

• A coalition of various Maratha states and leaders, facing internal strife and external pressures.

Struggle with the British:

First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782): Ended with the Treaty of Salbai, ceding Salsette Island to the British.

Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805): Resulted in the Subsidiary Alliance with British defeat of Sindhias and Bhonsle.

Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818): Led to the final defeat and dissolution of the Maratha Empire.

Conclusion

The collapse of the Shivaji Maharaj statue contrasts sharply with the enduring legacy of Sindhudurg Fort and the strategic significance of the Surat raids. The historical achievements of Shivaji Maharaj highlight the importance of preserving and respecting historical tributes and understanding their impact on regional and national history.

4TH GLOBAL RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTORS MEET AND EXPO (RE-INVEST)

TOPIC: (GS2) ENVIRONMENT: PIB

The 4th Global Renewable Energy Investors Meet and Expo (RE-INVEST) was recently inaugurated by the Prime Minister in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. Organized by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy in collaboration with the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), the event gathered key stakeholders in the renewable energy sector to discuss advancements and commitments.

Invitation to Investors:

• India invited global stakeholders to invest in its expanding renewable energy sector.
• Focus on meeting increasing energy demand sustainably through renewable sources.

Reduction in Solar Tariffs:

• Significant 76% decrease in tariffs for grid-connected solar power plants.
• Aimed at making solar energy more affordable and attractive for developers and consumers.

Other Achievements

• Growth in Installed Capacity: Increased from 75.52 GW in March 2014 to over 207.7 GW in 2024.
• Renewable Energy Generation Increase: Total renewable energy generation grew by 86%, from 193.50 billion units in 2014 to 360 billion units in 2024.

Highlights of RE-INVEST

• Financial Commitments: Rs 32.45 trillion for green projects.
• Major lenders include: Reliance: Rs 6 trillion
• Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd (IREDA): Rs 5 trillion
• State Bank of India (SBI): Rs 5 trillion
• Power Finance Corporation: Rs 3 trillion

Support from Developers and Manufacturers:

• Solar Modules: 340 GW
• Solar Cells: 240 GW
• Wind Turbines: 22 GW
• Electrolysers: 10 GW

Major Commitments from Key Industry Players

• Reliance Industries: Committed to installing 100 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030.
• NTPC: Pledged 41.3 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030.
• Torrent Power Ltd: Committed to 10 GW by 2030.
• ReNew Power: Committed to 40 GW by 2030, with a current commissioned capacity of 10 GW, equally split between solar and wind.

RENEWABLE ENERGY CAPACITY:·

Solar: As of 2024, India’s installed solar power capacity exceeded 70 GW, making it one of the world’s largest solar markets. This represents a significant increase from previous years, driven by government policies and incentives.·

Wind: India’s installed wind power capacity is estimated to be around 40 GW, making it a major player in the global wind energy market.·

Hydro: Hydropower remains a significant contributor to India’s renewable energy mix, with an installed capacity of around 45 GW.·

Bioenergy: Bioenergy, derived from agricultural waste and biomass, is also growing in importance, with an estimated capacity of around 5 GW.

Notable Plants:

• Solar: The Bhadla Solar Park in Rajasthan is one of the largest solar power plants in the world.
• Wind: The Muppandal Wind Farm in Tamil Nadu is a major wind energy project.
• Hydro: The Tehri Dam in Uttarakhand is one of India’s largest hydropower projects.

Conclusion

The RE-INVEST conference demonstrated India’s commitment to advancing its renewable energy sector through substantial financial investments, capacity expansions, and significant reductions in solar tariffs. The event also highlighted major industry players’ ambitious commitments to enhancing renewable energy capacity, signalling robust growth and interest in sustainable energy development.

WESTERN AND SOUTHERN STATES LEAD ECONOMIC GROWTH: EAC-PM REPORT

TOPIC: (GS3) ECONOMY: INDIAN EXPRESS

The Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM) has published a report analysing regional economic trends in India from 1960-61 to 2023-24. The study highlights significant economic growth in Western and Southern states, contrasted by a sharp decline in the GDP share of West Bengal. This regional disparity reflects varying development trajectories across the country.

EAC-PM Overview:

• EAC-PM: Non-constitutional, non-statutory advisory body that provides independent advice on economic and related issues to the Prime Minister.
• Role: Offers neutral insights on critical economic matters such as inflation, industrial output, and microfinance.
• Administrative Support: NITI Aayog functions as the nodal agency for the EAC-PM.

Key Regional Economic Trends:

Western and Southern States:

• Western states like Maharashtra and Gujarat consistently led in economic performance.
• Maharashtra had the highest share of India’s GDP during this period.
• Southern states, including Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, contributed over 30% of the national GDP in 2023-24.
• West Bengal’s GDP share declined from 10.5% in 1960-61 to 5.6% in 2023-24.

Per Capita Income Disparities:

• High-income States: Delhi, Telangana, and Karnataka reported the highest per capita incomes, with Delhi’s income being 2.5 times the national average.
• Low-income States: States like Bihar experienced significantly lower per capita incomes.West Bengal, once above the national average in 1960-61, dropped to 83.7% of the national average by 2023-24.
• Smaller States: States like Sikkim and Goa showed remarkable improvements, becoming some of the richest states in terms of per capita income.

Sectoral Shifts and Economic Dynamics:

• Punjab and Haryana: Following the Green Revolution, Haryana’s per capita income increased, while Punjab’s performance fell relative to the national average.
• Odisha’s Improvement: Traditionally lagging, Odisha improved significantly in terms of per capita income.
• Emerging States: Karnataka and Telangana became key contributors’ post-liberalization.
• Kerala saw a slight decline in its share of GDP since the early 2000s.

Regional Disparities:

• The economic gap between Western/Southern states and Eastern states, especially West Bengal, has widened.
• This imbalance impacts ongoing discussions on the Finance Commission’s tax distribution, where higher GDP-contributing states demand fairer compensation.

Impact on Economic Development:

• Reduced Growth Potential: Regional disparities could hamper national economic growth.
• Income Inequality: Increasing income gaps between states may lead to uneven development.
• Access to Opportunities: Unequal access to opportunities in underperforming regions could slow down overall progress.
• Migration and Urbanization: Economic imbalances often lead to migration toward wealthier states, further intensifying urbanization pressures.
• Social Tensions: Economic disparities may fuel social unrest, leading to instability.

Conclusion:

The EAC-PM report underscores the need for policy interventions to address regional economic imbalances. With Western and Southern states advancing economically while Eastern states like West Bengal experience decline, addressing these disparities is crucial to ensuring balanced national growth and development.

JAMMU AND KASHMIR’S FIRST ASSEMBLY POLLS POST-2019

TOPIC: (GS3) ECONOMY: HINDUSTHAN TIMES

The first phase of Assembly polling in Jammu and Kashmir under its new Union Territory (UT) status marks a significant political change following the 2019 reorganization. This election highlights the altered powers and governance structure in the region.

Transition to Union Territory:

• Reorganisation Act 2019: The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, downgraded J&K from a state to a Union Territory with a legislature.
• Ladakh: It was separated into a UT without a legislature.
• Reduced Powers: The newly formed J&K Assembly has fewer powers compared to when it was a state.

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Purpose: Article 370 granted special autonomous status to Jammu and Kashmir, allowing the state to have its own constitution, flag, and autonomy over internal matters.

Temporary Provision: Initially, it was meant as a temporary provision until Jammu and Kashmir’s Constituent Assembly decided the extent of the Indian Constitution’s application to the state.Features:

Autonomy: Jammu and Kashmir had control over all matters except defense, foreign affairs, finance, and communications.

Separate Constitution: The state could maintain its own constitution and laws, different from the Indian Constitution.

Limited Parliamentary Power: The Indian Parliament could legislate on the above matters in J&K only with the state’s agreement.

Emergency Declaration: The President could declare an emergency in J&K only in cases of war or external aggression, not for internal disturbances.

Abrogation of Article 370:·         On August 5, 2019, Article 370 was revoked by the Government of India.·

Bifurcation: Jammu and Kashmir was split into two Union Territories—Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh.·

Central Laws: Following the abrogation, all Indian laws and policies apply uniformly in these territories.

Reasons for Abrogation:·

Integration: The government aimed to fully integrate Jammu and Kashmir with the Indian Union.·

Development: The special status was seen as an obstacle to development and economic investment.·

Security Concerns: It was believed to have fostered separatism and terrorism.

Impact:·Governance: J&K came under direct control of the central government, and Indian laws applied uniformly.·

Economic Growth: It paved the way for better governance, economic development, and investments in the region.

Background:·Adoption: Article 370 was added on October 17, 1949 as a temporary provision allowing J&K certain exemptions from the Indian Constitution.

Powers of the Assembly:

• Legislative Scope: The J&K Assembly can legislate on matters in the State List, but public order and police are controlled by the Lieutenant Governor (LG).
• Financial Bills: Require the recommendation of the LG, giving the LG substantial control over the legislative process.

Role of the Lieutenant Governor:

• Broad Authority: The LG holds significant power in J&K, especially over critical matters like the bureaucracy, Anti-Corruption Bureau, and any issues outside the legislative purview of the Assembly.
• Decision-Making Discretion: The LG’s decisions are largely discretionary and cannot be legally challenged.

Comparison with Delhi:

• Delhi vs. J&K: While Delhi has a legislature under Article 239AA due to its special status as the national capital, J&K’s Assembly operates under Article 239A, similar to Puducherry, but with more stringent restrictions on its legislative power.

Conclusion:

This election represents a pivotal moment for Jammu and Kashmir’s governance. The Assembly, with limited powers, will operate under the significant influence of the LG, particularly in administrative and financial areas, marking a departure from the past.

TELESCOPES AND MODERN ADVANCEMENTS

TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE HINDU

A telescope is an optical instrument designed to observe distant objects by collecting and magnifying light. It enables us to view celestial bodies, like stars and planets, by focusing faint light rays from far away.

How Telescopes Work

Light Collection: Telescopes gather light from celestial objects using mirrors or lenses.

Focusing: The collected light is focused to a specific point.

Magnification: Telescopes magnify the image of the celestial object, making it appear larger and clearer.

Resolution: Telescopes improve the resolution of images, allowing for greater detail.Why Telescopes Are Placed on Mountains

Clear Atmosphere: Mountains often have clearer skies with less atmospheric turbulence, providing better viewing conditions.

Higher Altitude: Higher altitudes reduce the amount of atmospheric distortion caused by the Earth’s atmosphere.

Dark Skies: Mountains are generally away from city lights, reducing light pollution.

Types of Telescopes:

• Refracting Telescopes: Use lenses to bend (refract) light and focus it at a specific point.
• Reflecting Telescopes: Utilize mirrors to gather and focus light, offering better clarity and less distortion compared to refractors.

Aperture and Its Importance:

• Aperture: The diameter of the telescope’s light-collecting opening.
• Larger Aperture: Captures more light, leading to clearer, more detailed images.

Features of Telescopes:

• Apparent Magnitude: Determines the brightness of celestial objects.
• The scale is inverse, with lower numbers indicating brighter objects (e.g., Sirius has a magnitude of -1.46, making it the brightest star).

Modern Advanced Telescopes:

• Extremely Large Telescope (ELT): Located in Chile, it has a 39-meter aperture, offering high-resolution images for detailed astronomical studies.
• James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): Uses segmented mirrors for more efficient light gathering, particularly for infrared observations.

Square Kilometre Array (SKA)

• A global initiative to construct the world’s largest radio telescope with a collecting area of over one square kilometre.
• Located in Australia and Africa, it will answer key questions like the birth of the cosmos, formation of first stars, galactic life cycles, and origins of gravitational waves.
• SKA will help search for advanced extraterrestrial civilizations and measure neutral hydrogen over cosmic time.

Spitzer Space Telescope

• Detects infrared radiation from cosmic objects like distant galaxies and black holes.
• First telescope to detect light from an exoplanet.
• Captures heat from star-forming regions in galaxies.

Hubble Space Telescope

• First major optical space telescope observing visible light.
• Key discoveries include the universe’s size, dark energy, black holes, and gamma-ray bursts.
• Over 1 million observations, including the “Hubble Ultra Deep Field.”

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)

• A joint NASA, ESA, and CSA mission, JWST will explore the universe’s evolution from the Big Bang to solar systems.
• Specializes in infrared astronomy, crucial for studying distant cosmic events and exoplanets.

Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope

• Studies gamma rays from phenomena like black holes, dark matter, and pulsars.
• Provides an all-sky map of gamma rays from various sources, including the sun.

Kepler Space Telescope

• Discovered 2,662 exoplanets, including Earth-sized planets in habitable zones.
• Monitored over 530,000 stars, revolutionizing exoplanet discovery.

ARIES Telescope

• Jointly developed by India, Russia, and Belgium, located at Devasthal, Nainital at 2,500 meters.
• Investigates astronomical debris, magnetic fields, and stars.
• Controlled remotely from anywhere in the world.

Indian Telescopes

Astrosat

• India’s first dedicated astronomy satellite, launched in 2016.
• Multi-wavelength space telescope observing across the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Goals include studying binary star systems, calculating neutron star magnetic fields, and discovering X-ray sources.

Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT)

• Will be one of the largest visible-light telescopes in the world with a 30 m prime mirror.
• Provides 12 times sharper images than Hubble, enhancing astrophysical research.

SARAS Telescope

• India’s SARAS 3 radio telescopes, designed by RRI, aims to detect faint radio signals from the early universe, specifically from the “Cosmic Dawn.”
• First telescope globally to achieve this, contributing to our understanding of the universe’s first stars and galaxies.

Conclusion:

Modern telescopes, equipped with advanced technologies like adaptive optics and large apertures, provide unparalleled views of the universe, significantly enhancing our understanding of distant celestial bodies and phenomena.

WOMEN-LED DEVELOPMENT IN THE RAJYA SABHA

TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY AND GOVERNANCE: THE HINDU

The Indian government emphasizes “women-led development,” particularly during its G20 presidency. Women are positioned as key contributors to decision-making and leadership.

Progressive Measures in the Rajya Sabha:

• Under Vice President Jagdeep Dhankar’s leadership, the Rajya Sabha has introduced initiatives to enhance women’s roles in Parliament.

Historic Measures:

• Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (Women’s Reservation Bill), 2023: Marked a historic shift, supporting increased female representation.
• Vice-Chairpersons Panel Reconstitution: Dhankar reconstituted the panel to include only women, with four women members, representing 50% of the panel.

Key Appointments:

• S. Phangnon Konyak: First woman Rajya Sabha member from Nagaland, presided over the House.
• P.T. Usha: Renowned athlete, became the first nominated MP to serve as a Vice Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.

G20 and Women Empowerment:

• New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration: Stressed investing in women and girls’ empowerment, aiming for Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5.5, which ensures women’s participation in decision-making.

Initiatives in the Rajya Sabha Secretariat:

• Gender Balance Reforms: Traditional male-dominated roles now include women.
• Vahan App: Introduced to ensure safe commuting for women officers working late.
• Women Chamber Attendants: Increased representation in support roles.

Prominent Roles for Women Officers:

• Women hold key positions in human resources, legislative sections, and capacity-building divisions.
• Women are officiating in Parliamentary Standing Committees and senior security roles.
• iGOT-Karmayogi Bharat Initiative: A woman officer appointed as a master trainer.

Recognition and Support for Women Officers:

• Top-performing Women Officers: Recognized across all services in the Rajya Sabha Secretariat.
• Gender Sensitization: Workshops and talks to promote gender parity.
• Women’s Day Celebrations: Provide opportunities for women officers to showcase their talents.

Encouraging Engagement with Academia:

• Miranda House Interns: Invited to a 15-day course on parliamentary procedures to connect academia with the legislature.

Conclusion:

The Rajya Sabha’s initiatives under Dhankar’s leadership are setting a precedent for women-led development in governance.These efforts could inspire other legislative bodies in India to enhance gender equality in decision-making roles.

AZERBAIJAN LAUNCHES NEW CLIMATE FINANCE FUND AHEAD OF COP29 TO AID DEVELOPING NATIONS

TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT: INDIAN EXPRESS

Azerbaijan, the host of COP29, has introduced a new initiative, the Climate Finance Action Fund (CFAF), aimed at supporting climate action in developing countries.The fund will seek voluntary contributions from fossil fuel producers, including countries and companies, to address climate challenges.

• Azerbaijan, despite being a petroleum-driven economy, has made the initial contribution to the fund, although the total financial target has not been disclosed.

Focus on Climate Finance at COP29:

• A key agenda for COP29 is to finalize the agreement on post-2025 climate finance.
• Developed nations have been mandated to mobilize $100 billion annually since 2020, but this amount is expected to rise post-2025.
• Progress on negotiations has been limited, with several meetings planned before COP29 in Baku (November 11-22, 2024).

Azerbaijan’s Broader Climate Proposals:

• In addition to CFAF, Azerbaijan has proposed other climate initiatives, such as increasing global energy storage sixfold by 2030, developing a global green hydrogen market, and reducing emissions from digitization and data centers.
• These proposals, although not part of the official COP29 agenda, demonstrate Azerbaijan’s commitment to advancing global climate action.

Structure and Goals of the CFAF:

• The fund’s structure allocates half of its resources to climate projects in developing nations and the other half to support national climate action plans.
• The CFAF will become operational once it reaches $1 billion in contributions and secures commitments from at least 10 countries.

Conclusion:

Azerbaijan’s efforts to establish the CFAF and its broader climate proposals highlight its proactive role in addressing global climate issues. With COP29 providing a critical platform for climate finance negotiations, the success of initiatives like the CFAF will be instrumental in helping developing nations meet their climate goals and advancing international cooperation on climate change.