17-July-2024-Special-Article

ISRO HAS A PROBLEM: TOO MANY ROCKETS, TOO FEW SATELLITES TO LAUNCH 

India’s space launch capabilities, overseen by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), have achieved notable milestones in satellite deployment and space exploration.  

However, recent statements from ISRO’s Chairman have highlighted a disconnect between current launch vehicle capabilities and the demand for satellite services, sparking discussions on the sector’s dynamics and future trajectory. 

Current Landscape of Launch Vehicles 

Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV): 

• SSLV is designed for efficiently launching smaller payloads. 

Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV): 

• PSLV is renowned for its versatility in deploying Earth Observation, Geo-stationary, and Navigation satellites. It boasts a high success rate and reliability. 

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV): 

• GSLV is utilized for heavier payloads, particularly communication satellites. 

Launch Vehicle Mark-III (LVM-3): 

• LVM-3 is capable of launching communication satellites up to the 4-tonne class. 

Challenges with Current Launch Vehicles 

Payload Limitations: 

• LVM-3’s payload capacity is significantly less than that of leading global counterparts like China’s Long March 5, restricting India’s capability for ambitious missions such as Chandrayaan 4. 

Satellite Applications: 

• Satellites play crucial roles in communication, remote sensing, navigation, meteorology, disaster management, and scientific research. 

• Future missions necessitate enhanced launch capabilities to meet evolving needs. 

Future Requirements and Developments 

Upgrades for LVM-3: 

• ISRO plans to enhance LVM-3 with a semi-cryogenic engine to increase its payload capacity to six tonnes. 

Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV): 

• Project Soorya aims to develop a new launch vehicle capable of carrying up to 10 tonnes to Geostationary Transfer Orbit (GTO). 

SSLV Progress: 

• SSLV requires additional successful flights to build confidence for commercial satellite launches. 

Reliance on International Launch Services 

• Due to limitations in indigenous launch capabilities, India currently relies on international providers such as Ariane V and SpaceX’s Falcon 9 for launching heavier payloads. 

Disparity Between Supply and Demand 

Historical Context: 

• Previously, ISRO followed a supply-driven model where satellites were launched first, followed by seeking customers. 

• A shift towards a demand-driven approach post-2019 aimed to align satellite services with market needs, resulting in an excess of launch vehicles relative to demand. 

Challenges in Stimulating Demand: 

Economic Factors: 

• Launch vehicles are integral to national objectives like lunar exploration and technological advancements. 

• Technological advancements prolonging satellite lifespans impact the demand for replacement satellites and launch services. 

Market Dynamics: 

• Existing terrestrial solutions like affordable fiber and mobile internet may overshadow the perceived necessity for space-based solutions in specific sectors. 

Government Dependence: 

• Private sector participation in satellite services and launch capabilities hinges on proactive government initiatives to stimulate demand and provide regulatory support. 

Strategic Approaches Forward 

Stakeholder Education: 

• ISRO and private entities must educate potential users across sectors about the advantages and applications of satellite-based services. 

Diverse Customer Base: 

• Customize satellite services to meet the unique requirements of sectors such as agriculture, finance, and defense to expand market demand. 

Cost-Effectiveness: 

• Uphold India’s reputation as a competitively priced launch service provider to attract global customers seeking cost-effective access to space. 

Government Support: 

• Provide initial funding, guarantee launch slots for satellites, and raise public awareness of space-based applications to bolster private sector engagement. 

International Collaboration: 

• Foster partnerships with global space agencies for collaborative missions, technology sharing, and harmonized regulations. 

Regulatory Framework: 

• Establish a supportive regulatory environment conducive to innovation, investment, and growth in India’s burgeoning space sector. 

Conclusion 

India’s space launch sector faces critical challenges that require strategic navigation of supply-demand dynamics, enhancement of launch capabilities, and fostering of innovation. By addressing these challenges through collaborative initiatives, market-oriented strategies, and robust regulatory frameworks, India can strengthen its position as a global leader in space exploration and satellite technology. 

Mains Question: 

1. “Discuss the challenges and strategic measures needed to enhance India’s space launch capabilities, considering the current landscape and future requirements.” (150 WORDS)