18-December-2024-Special-Article

VIJAY DIWAS AND THE 1971 BANGLADESH LIBERATION WAR

On 16th December 2024, India observed Vijay Diwas, marking the 53rd anniversary of its victory in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. This war led to the creation of Bangladesh and showcased India’s strategic, humanitarian, and military prowess. The day is commemorated to honor the sacrifices of the soldiers and to celebrate the enduring friendship between India and Bangladesh.

Significance of Vijay Diwas 2024

• National Tributes: Senior leaders, including the President and Prime Minister, paid homage to the fallen soldiers at the National War Memorial, Delhi.
• Celebrations in Kolkata: The event at Fort William included participation from Bangladeshi delegations, including Mukti Joddhas (freedom fighters), who shared memories of the war. Indian veterans recounted the atrocities committed by Pakistani forces.
• Iconic Painting Update: The famous 1971 surrender painting, depicting Pakistan’s surrender in Dhaka, was moved to the Manekshaw Centre. It was replaced by Karam Kshetra – Field of Deeds, painted by Lt. Col. Thomas Jacob, showcasing India’s strategic and cultural legacy with elements like Pangong Tso, Garuda, and modern military assets.

The 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War

Background

• The Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 was a conflict between East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West Pakistan (now Pakistan), culminating in Bangladesh’s independence.
• It stemmed from the long-standing cultural, linguistic, and economic discrimination faced by East Pakistan.

Historical Roots

• The roots of the conflict can be traced back to the Partition of India in 1947, which divided the subcontinent on religious lines.
• Despite a shared religion, geographical separation and cultural differences between East and West Pakistan created deep rifts.

Key Causes of the 1971 War

Social Discrimination

• West Pakistan considered East Pakistan culturally inferior due to its historical association with the Hindu-dominated elite before Partition.
• This led to systemic discrimination against Bengalis in all spheres.

Linguistic Marginalization

• The imposition of Urdu as the national language disregarded Bengali, the majority language of East Pakistan.
• Protests erupted, highlighting linguistic suppression.

Political Exclusion

• West Pakistan dominated political power, with decision-making concentrated among the Punjabi elite.
• Despite East Pakistan’s larger population, it was underrepresented in governance.
• The 1970 elections saw Sheikh Mujibur Rahman of the Awami League win a majority, but West Pakistan’s refusal to honor the results fueled unrest.

Economic Exploitation

• East Pakistan generated 62% of Pakistan’s revenue but received only 25% of the national budget.
• West Pakistanis occupied most administrative and military roles, sidelining Bengalis.

Major Events of the War

Operation Searchlight (March 1971)

• A brutal crackdown by the Pakistani military in Dhaka and other regions aimed to suppress Bengali nationalism.
• Thousands of students, intellectuals, and political leaders were killed.

Proclamation of Independence

• Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declared Bangladesh’s independence, formally starting the liberation movement.
• The Mukti Bahini (Freedom Fighters) conducted guerrilla warfare against Pakistani forces.

Refugee Crisis in India

• The atrocities in East Pakistan caused 10 million refugees to flee to India.
• India, led by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, provided humanitarian aid and later extended military support to the Mukti Bahini.

India’s Military Intervention

• On 3rd December 1971, Pakistan launched air strikes on Indian bases, prompting India’s retaliation.
• Indian forces launched coordinated operations on both Eastern and Western fronts.
• The Indian Navy and Air Force played key roles, while Indian troops, alongside Mukti Bahini, made rapid advances in East Pakistan.

Pakistan’s Surrender (16th December 1971)

• Pakistan’s Gen. A.A.K. Niazi signed the Instrument of Surrender in Dhaka.
• Over 90,000 Pakistani soldiers surrendered, marking one of the largest capitulations since World War II.

Consequences of the War

Creation of Bangladesh

• Bangladesh emerged as an independent nation, invalidating the two-nation theory promoted by Jinnah.

Humanitarian Triumph

• India’s support for Bangladesh highlighted its commitment to human rights and compassion.

Regional Impact

• Pakistan’s defeat weakened its position in South Asia and undermined its claim over Kashmir.

Shimla Agreement (1972)

• Signed on 2nd July 1972 between Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to normalize relations.
• Key provisions included:
• Resolving disputes bilaterally.
• Respecting the Line of Control (LoC) in Kashmir.
• Troop withdrawal and repatriation of prisoners of war.

India’s Role in the War

Humanitarian Aid

• India set up refugee camps for millions of displaced people in West Bengal, Assam, Tripura, and Meghalaya.

Diplomatic Efforts

• India sought international support to expose Pakistani atrocities and pressurize Pakistan diplomatically.

Military Support

• India trained the Mukti Bahini, providing weapons and strategic guidance.
• The war’s swift conclusion in 13 days demonstrated India’s military efficiency.

Conclusion

The 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War remains a pivotal chapter in South Asian history. India’s decisive role not only facilitated Bangladesh’s independence but also underscored its commitment to justice, human rights, and regional stability. Vijay Diwas serves as a reminder of the sacrifices made and the enduring ties between India and Bangladesh.

Mains Question:

1. “Discuss the significance of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War in reshaping South Asian geopolitics and India’s role in promoting regional stability and humanitarian values.” (150 WORDS)